Titanium alloys， owing to their high specific strength， excellent toughness， and outstanding corrosion resistance， are widely used in aerospace， defense， marine engineering， and medical applications. However， their high production cost remains a major barrier to large-scale adoption. This review summarizes the current research status and future development trends of low-cost titanium alloys， with a focus on both conventional design strategies and emerging technological pathways. In conventional approaches， the replacement of expensive alloying elements （e.g.， Mo，V） with more economical alternatives （e.g.， Fe， Cr， O， N）， combined with optimized melting techniques and processing routes， has significantly reduced material costs. In terms of emerging technologies， high-throughput diffusion techniques， machine learning， and transformation-induced plasticity/twinning-induced plasticity （TRIP/TWIP） mechanisms provide a crucial theoretical foundation for the rapid development of high-performance， low-cost titanium alloys that can be fabricated via short-process routes.Near-net-shape forming techniques， with their high material utilization and short processing cycles， have become key tools for cost control.Looking forward， integrating TRIP/TWIP-based alloy design with advanced processing and manufacturing techniques， along with the strategic optimization of interstitial elements （e.g.， O， N）， is expected to further reduce production costs. Such progress will accelerate the large-scale application of titanium alloys in fields such as automotive light-weighting and military armor， ultimately promoting their widespread adoption across multiple industries.

The microstructure， tensile fracture morphology and initial residual stress of ZTC4 titanium alloy repair welding are analyzed by stereomicroscope， optical microscope （OM）， scanning electron microscope （SEM）， X-ray residual stress analyzer and tensile testing machine， and their effects on room temperature/high temperature tensile properties and fatigue properties are studied. The results show that the microstructure of ZTC4 titanium alloy after repair welding is mainly composed of equiaxed grains （with a grain size of about 1.5 mm） and grains with a large aspect ratio （5∶1）. Different repair welding diameters and annealing treatment can affect the properties of residual stress， thus affecting the mechanical properties. The residual stress at the center of the original state of the room temperature/high temperature tensile and fatigue specimens is mainly tensile stress， which is 115.9， -24.6 MPa and 55.6 MPa， respectively. In the high temperature （350 ℃） tensile test， the larger the initial residual tensile stress （173.3 MPa） at the center of the repair welding diameter 4 mm specimens， the lower the tensile strength （710.7 MPa）； the larger the initial residual compressive stress （-159.1 MPa） at the center of the repair welding diameter 4 mm and annealing specimens， the higher the tensile strength （749.3 MPa）.The residual tensile stress significantly shortens the fatigue life of titanium alloy， whereas residual compressive stress increases it. The initial residual stress at the center of the original state， repair welding diameter of 2 mm， repair welding diameter of 2 mm and annealing， repair welding diameter of 4 mm， and repair welding diameter of 4 mm and annealing specimen is 55.6，109.9， -189.1，61.4 MPa， and -64.3 MPa， respectively. The fatigue properties of the specimens with initial residual compressive stress is better.

The dispersion uniformity of titanium alloy/graphene oxide （GO） mixed powder is crucial for the preparation of high-quality graphene-reinforced titanium matrix composites. The mechanism of GO adsorption onto the surface of titanium alloy particle is revealed by theoretical analysis and a quantitative evaluation method is established based on image segmentation using deep learning and statistics analysis. The results show that the SEM secondary electron images of the mixed powder dried for 12 h after solution stirring mixing exhibit high imaging contrast and strong GO adsorption state. The additional pressure generated by the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the liquid bridge is the dominant part for GO adsorption force onto the surface of titanium alloy particle，which is ten orders of magnitude higher than the force of GO. The U-Net network model demonstrates superior segmentation performance for the mixed powder and GO compared to DeepLabV3+ and PSPNet. Under the optimal training parameters，the segmentation accuracies of U-Net for the mixed powder and GO reach relatively high values of 0.9433 and 0.8774， respectively. The stirring blades shape，stirring speed， and stirring time are optimized by numerical simulation of stirring process and the established quantitative evaluation method. The paddle with three inclined blades is the preferred stirring paddle shape for preparing titanium alloy/GO mixed powder. For the mixed powder containing 0.15% （mass fraction， the same below） GO， the preferred stirring process is 400 r/min for 40 min， where the standard deviation and range of GO content are 0.82% and 2.15%， respectively. For the mixed powder containing 0.30%GO， the preferred stirring process is 300 r/min for 80 min， and the standard deviation and range of the GO content are 1.03% and 3.40%，respectively.

To precisely control the thermally/stress-induced products in β-type titanium alloys and overcome the limitations of traditional design methods relying on parameters such as d-electron alloy theory and molybdenum equivalent， a design approach based on specific orientation moduli （Young’s modulus E ₁₀₀， tetragonal shear modulus C′， and shear modulus G ₁₁₁） is proposed. Three Ti-Mo-based multi-component alloys with significant twinning-induced plasticity（TWIP） effect， namely Ti-13.5Mo-3.6Nb（mass fraction/%， the same below）， Ti-13Mo-4.5Nb-1.6Zr， and Ti-12.5Mo-6.5Nb-1.5Zr-0.9Al， are successfully designed. By means of optical microscopy（OM）， transmission electron microscopy（TEM）， electron backscatter diffraction （EBSD）， and tensile testing， the cold workability， thermally-induced metastable phases， and stress-induced deformation modes of the designed alloys are systematically analyzed， and the regulation of specific orientation moduli on thermally/stress-induced products is investigated. The results show that all three designed alloys exhibit excellent cold workability with a cold working rate of over 90%， and the solution-treated microstructure consists of a β-phase matrix and trigonal thermally-induced ω-phase. Their yield strength ranges from 370 to 428 MPa， total elongation from 46% to 50%， and the deformation mode is dominated by ｛332｝_β〈113〉_β twinning. The high Young’s modulus E ₁₀₀（22.9 GPa） of the three alloys completely suppresses the thermally/stress-induced α″-martensitic transformation； the low tetragonal shear modulus C′（7.8 GPa） facilitates ｛332｝_β〈113〉_β twinning， resulting in a twin area fraction of 28.8%-30.1% at 5% deformation； the high shear modulus G ₁₁₁（10.6-10.7 GPa） inhibits the collapse process of the thermally-induced ω-phase， thereby maintaining the trigonal structure of the thermally-induced ω-phase. The design approach based on specific orientation moduli proposed in this study enables the efficient design of Ti-Mo-based multi-component TWIP titanium alloys， combining innovation and practicality. It provides a new pathway for the research and development of high-performance titanium alloys，and possesses broad engineering application prospects.

To study the impact of V-notch radius on the mechanical properties of TA15 titanium alloy，tensile，stress-rupture，fatigue tests and fracture analysis are conducted on both smooth specimens and those with varing V-notch radii. By using the finite element method，the distribution of the stress-strain field at the notch is analyzed，the relationship between the stress-strain field and the notch strength，stress-rupture time，fatigue life and fracture behaviour of TA15 titanium alloy are further investigated. The results show that under static loading，as the notch radius decreases from 0.85 mm to 0.15 mm，both the tensile strength and stress-rupture time of TA15 titanium alloy increase，while the proportion of the shear-plastic zone in fracture decreases. Stress triaxiality around the notch initially increases and then decreases as it extends inward from the root of the notch，as determined by finite element analysis. The fracture originates from the peak position of stress triaxiality （near the notch root）. During the prolonged stress-rupture tests，stress redistribution around the notch occurrs，resulting in a strengthening effect at the notch. Under dynamic loading，the fracture surface of the notched specimen exhibits multi-source crack propagation. Different stress concentrations and gradients around the notch result in varying degrees of fatigue damage. As the notch radius decreases，the size of the critical fatigue damage area decreases，effective stress increases，leading to a decrease in fatigue life and the proportion of crack propagation zones.

With the improvement in aeroengine performance，critical components （such as centrifugal impellers） operate under high-temperature，high-stress，and complex load conditions. Geometric discontinuities （such as ventilation holes and fillet radii） have become weak points for fatigue failure. This study focused on TA19 material，preparing smooth and U-shaped notch specimens for low-cycle fatigue tests under high-temperature conditions. Fatigue life data have fitted using the Weibull distribution，and an improved iterative fatigue life model is proposed to address the limitations of traditional models in regions with stress concentration. The model incorporates the stress concentration factor （K _t） and first-order reliability theory for correction. The results indicate that due to stress concentration effects，U-shaped notch specimens exhibit more concentrated fatigue life distributions，whereas smooth specimens show greater variability. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test verifies that the data conforms to the Weibull distribution characteristics. The revised model significantly improves the prediction accuracy，with most of the predicted data falling within±1.5 times the scatter band. Additionally，P-S-N curves for different failure probabilities are constructed，providing a valuable reference for the reliable fatigue life prediction of complex structures.

The microstructure evolution and tensile properties at room temperature of TA15 titanium alloys during heat treatment at different temperatures are investigated by optical microscopy （OM）， scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. In particular， the double fluctuation behavior of tensile strength at room temperature in TA15 titanium alloys after heat treatment in the ranges of 800-900 ℃ and above 950 ℃ are characterized and analyzed in detail. The results show that with the increase of the heat treatment temperature， the microstructure evolution of equiaxed α phase+lamellar secondary α phase and β phase→equiaxed α phase+lamellar secondary α phase and β phase （internal newly formed fine α phase and β phase laths）→coarsened newly formed α phase and β phase laths undergoes in TA15 titanium alloys， which results in the increase trend of tensile strength at room temperature of TA15 alloys. The newly formed α phase and β phase laths at relatively high temperatures during the heat treatment absorb stagewise secondary α phase laths and equiaxed primary α phase， followed by coarsening as the heat treatment temperature further increases. It is concluded that the strengthening effect of newly formed α phase and β phase laths leads to the strength increase in the range of 800-900 ℃. Within the 900-950 ℃ range， the newly formed lamellar α phase and β phase absorb the original lamellar secondary α+β phase， and the lamellar size in the newly formed α phase and β phase laths is relatively coarse， resulting in a slight decrease in strength. Above 950 ℃， the dissolution of the equiaxed α phase and its transformation into a higher proportion of newly formed α phase and lamellar β phase once again enhances the strengthening effect of the lamellar structure， causing a secondary peak in the tensile strength at room temperature above 950 ℃.

The correlation between ingot shrinkage and Al-rich defects is studied by prefabricated shrinkage， forging and stamping deformation. For Al-rich segregation defects in bars， the results show that the dark banding is presented at low magnification via visual observation， and the dense α phase characteristic is shown at high magnification via optical microscope. The content of α phase in the defect area is 88.26%， which is much higher than 47.23% in the normal area. Besides， there is obvious enrichment of aluminum element in the defect area， and the energy spectrum results show that the average content of Al element is as high as 9.58%（mass fraction， the same below）， which is significantly higher than 5.86% in the normal area. Moreover， the average microhardness is 401.33HV， which is higher than that of the normal region 304.33HV as well. For the ingot shrinkage， the results show that the enrichment of Al element is the most obvious in the top surface part of the shrinkage cavity. The average content is as high as 9.59% in the top surface of shrinkage cavity， but is only 5.33% in the bottom surface part. The enrichment of Al elements in shrinkage of ingot corresponds to the segregation of Al-rich defects in bars， indicating that the enrichment of Al element in the shrinkage cavity is hereditary.

Ti-15Mo/HA composite is prepared by powder metallurgy， and the influence of hydroxyapatite （HA） on the microstructure， microhardness， and tribological behavior is studied. The results show that the Ti-15Mo/HA composite consists of increased α-Ti， decreased β-Ti and a variety of ceramic phases （CaTiO₃，Ca₃（PO₄）₂，CaO， etc.） with the increase of HA content. The hard ceramic phase generated after the addition of HA increases the microhardness of Ti-15Mo/HA composite. The friction coefficient and wear rate of Ti-15Mo/HA composite is apparently low under simulated body fluid environment due to the solid solution strengthening of Mo in Ti， the dispersion strengthening of ceramic phase， and the lubrication of liquid. Ti-15Mo/5HA displays more excellent wear resistance than the other composite with an average friction coefficient of 0.42 and a wear rate of approximately 2.51×10^-4 mm³/（N·m）. Ti-15Mo alloy is a combination of adhesive wear and abrasive wear. Ti-15Mo/HA composite is mainly subjected to abrasive wear， together with adhesive wear. The Ti-15Mo/5HA composite prepared by powder metallurgy shows good wear resistance and has potential application in the field of hard tissue replacement and repair materials.

SiO₂， TiO₂， NaCl， and KCl are chosen as activating fluxes for laser welding of 5 mm thick TC4 titanium alloy to increase the laser absorptivity of base material and improve weld formation. Based on the influence of activating fluxes on weld formation， the mechanism of action of activating fluxes and their impact on the microstructure and properties of welded joints are analyzed. The experimental results show that the activating fluxes have no significant effect on the macro formation of the weld， and the four activating fluxes can affect the shape size of the weld by increasing the laser absorptivity related to welding heat input. Besides， SiO₂ mainly reduces the absorption and scattering of laser beam by reducing photoinduced plasma， and TiO₂ primarily reflects and propagates laser beam among the fine particles， NaCl and KCl have both. The tensile strength of the joint coated with SiO₂ and TiO₂ has descended by 14% and 10% respectively. It is related to the change of weld microstructure by activating fluxes. The tensile properties of the welded joints coated with NaCl and KCl are not lower than that of uncoated welded joints. They can be used as an effective activating flux for TC4 titanium alloy laser welding.

In order to obtain NiTi alloy with excellent properties， dual-wire arc additive manufacturing technology is used to control the wire feed speed of Ni and Ti wires， and precisely adjust the atomic ratio and phase composition of Ni alloy. The results show that when the Ni/Ti atomic ratio is 8∶10 in the center of the longitudinal cladding passage， the deposited NiTi alloy is mainly composed of Ti₂Ni phase accompanied by a small number of Ti-rich particles， and the microhardness and compressive strength reach 560HV and 1600 MPa， respectively. When the Ni/Ti atomic ratio is 11∶10， the Ti₂Ni phase is included in the NiTi phase， and the irrecoverable strain of 1.6% appears in the cyclic compression process. When the atomic ratio of Ni/Ti is 15∶10， the cluster Ni₃Ti phase is formed in the NiTi phase， the longitudinal fracture strain is close to 40%， and the irrecoverable strain is only 1.2% after cyclic compression， showing good superelasticity. In addition， compared with the central region of the longitudinal cladding passage， the microstructures of the transverse lapping region of the samples with different Ni/Ti atomic ratios show obvious grain coarsening and component segregation， and the compressive strength and plastic deformation ability are significantly reduced.

Lightweight is the eternal theme in the aerospace field. TiAl alloy has a density of 3.9-4.2 g/cm³， which is 1/2 of nickel based superalloy. It has excellent properties of light mass and heat resistance and has important application value in the manufacture of hot-end components of aerospace equipment. However， TiAl alloy has inherent brittleness， low plasticity at room temperature and poor thermal deformation ability， which makes it difficult to process and form， high cost， and limits its large-scale application. Based on the review of the development and application status of TiAl alloy， the research progress of hot forming technology such as casting， powder metallurgy， thermoplastic forming， and additive manufacturing is reviewed. The thermoplastic forming technology， including canned-extrusion， isothermal forging， near-isothermal forging， and canned-rolling， is emphasized. The main problems of the existing plastic forming technology are poor plasticity， high forming difficulty， low forming efficiency， and insufficient performance. In the future， the development direction of plastic forming of TiAl alloy should be high efficiency and low cost near net forming， while improving the utilization rate and mechanical properties of the material.

The effects of different heat treatment processes on the anisotropy of TB6 titanium alloy fabricated by laser deposition manufacturing were investigated.The evolution of microstructure was analyzed by using optical microscope （OM）， scanning electron microscope （SEM）， and transmission electron microscope （TEM）. The variation trend and influence mechanism of anisotropy with heat treatment were investigated. The present research shows that the original β grains and the morphology of the primary α phase （α_p phase） are greatly affected by the thermal gradient. The original β grains in the microstructure of TB6 titanium alloy fabricated by laser deposition manufacturing are elongated along the deposition direction and are ellipsoidal. In addition， the relative slender α_p phase parallel to the deposition direction is found. These two factors jointly lead to the anisotropy of room temperature tensile property of the as-deposited samples. The tensile strength in the vertical deposition direction （X-direction ） is 7.3% higher， the yield strength is 5% higher， and the elongation is 32.4% lower than that in the deposition direction （Z-direction）. The low-temperature annealing treatment has little effect on microstructure， only the anisotropy of plasticity is decreased. After high-temperature annealing treatment， the difference in aspect ratio of α_p phase is significantly reduced， leading to the anisotropy of the room temperature tensile property decreases. The strength are still higher in the X-direction， and the elongation is higher in the Z-direction. The strengthening mechanism of the solution-aging treating sample is completely changed due to the precipitation of the secondary α phase （α_s phase）. In addition， there is no obvious preferential growth of α_s phase after heat treatment， so the anisotropy of the room temperature tensile property tends to be eliminated as the strength increases.

A large number of droplets and their products produced by titanium fire combustion in aeroengine compressor will cause burn through and non-inclusiveness failure of titanium alloy casing. This has shown great harm. In this study， a quantitative evaluation method for titanium fire inclusiveness of compressor was explored based on the mechanism of titanium alloy melt drop ablation and laser ignition technology. A test and evaluation method was established with the characteristic parameters of the melt drop penetration resistance of two configurations of TC4 titanium alloy casing， namely horizontal expansion and vertical drip. Meanwhile， the diffusion behavior of titanium fire and the critical failure conditions under simulated airflow environment were varified by experiments as well. Those results show that the mechanism of titanium alloy droplet burning through the casing lies in the local high heat concentration formed at the droplet contact interface. Under the action of heat transfer， the kinetic energy of the atoms in the base of the titanium alloy cartridge increases rapidly， forming a penetrating liquid phase， and finally causing burn-through， that is， titanium non-inclusiveness failure. When the droplet moves horizontally in the process of extended combustion， it will be affected by some mechanism such as reverse airflow， which will weaken the expansion effect. When the droplet is adhered to the surface of the casing simulation for a long time under the action of gravity or centrifugal force， the heat released is enough to burn through the titanium alloy casing. Its critical thickness is between 1.5-2 mm.

Due to the large temperature gradient in the laser melting deposition process， the coarse primary β columnar grains with preferred orientation are formed along the deposition direction， resulting in significant anisotropy of materials. This study aims to change the morphology of the primary β grains， refine the microstructure and weaken the texture of titanium alloy by adding Cu element in the materials during the process of laser melting deposition. The effects of Cu content on the microstructure and texture of TC4 titanium alloy manufactured by laser melting deposition are studied systematically. The results show that Cu element addition can refine the columnar primary β grains significantly and make the grain size distribution more uniform. The columnar grains are transformed to fully equiaxed grains when 4% Cu （mass fraction， the same as below） is added into the material， and the average size of primary β grains decreases to 385 μm from 1490 μm of TC4 titanium alloy. Basket-weave microstructure composed of α-Ti， β-Ti， and a small amount of Ti₂Cu is obtained inside primary β grains of the samples with Cu addition. The short rod-like Ti₂Cu distributes at the boundary of the α-Ti lath， and its proportion in the microstructure increases with the increase of Cu addition. The average width of α-Ti is 0.44 μm when 8% Cu is added， which is reduced by about 63% compared with 1.18 μm of the sample without Cu addition. When 4% Cu is added， the maximum multiples of uniform distribution（MUD） value of α-Ti pole figure is reduced by about 71% compared with TC4 titanium alloy，which demonstrates that the addition of Cu can significantly reduce the texture strength of titanium alloy manufactured by laser melting deposition.

The cooling rate after high-temperature heat treatment has a significant effect on the microstructure and properties of Ti65 alloy. The effect of cooling medium temperature on the cooling curve and microstructure of Ti65 alloy after high-temperature heat treatment has been systematically studied. The results show that the temperature of the oil medium has an opposite effect on the cooling curve to that of the air medium. The maximum cooling rate of oil is 73.2 ℃/s at room temperature， while the maximum cooling rate of air cooling is only 11.2 ℃/s. As the temperature increases， the cooling rate curve for oil quenching condition shifts to the right， and the maximum cooling rate and the minimum film boiling temperature increase. When the oil temperature is in the range of room temperature to 60 ℃， the cooling rate curve for oil quenching condition includes vapor， boiling， and convection three stages. When the oil temperature rises to 80 ℃， the vapor stage disappears. In addition， the microstructure shows a transition trend from α+β dual-phase microstructure to martensitic microstructure with the increase in oil temperature. Conversely， with the temperature increases， the cooling rate curve for air cooling condition shifts to the left， the maximum cooling rate decreases， and the temperature at the maximum cooling rate in the boiling stage gradually increases. Compared with oil quenching at different temperatures， the microstructure of air cooling under different temperatures shows typical bimodal microstructure with no obvious difference. The effect of oil temperature on the cooling curve is mainly attributed to changes in oil viscosity and fluidity， while the effect of air temperature on the cooling curve is mainly attributed to multiple complex factors such as air density and temperature gradient.

The hot isostatic pressing process is a usual powder Ti₂AlNb alloy preparation method to deeply study the influence of factors such as the powder-making process on the properties of Ti₂AlNb powder alloy.Ti₂AlNb pre-alloyed powders are prepared by plasma rotating electrode process and electrode induction melting gas atomization， respectively， and their mixed powders are characterized. Ti₂AlNb alloy is prepared using a hot isostatic pressing process.The effects of the powder-preparing process， porosity， and inclusion on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ti₂AlNb alloy are investigated. Optimized processes are employed for the forming of various Ti₂AlNb powder metallurgy components. Experimental results show that the powder-making processes affect the durability of the powder alloy， the pore defects caused by slight capsule gas leakage significantly reduce the mechanical properties of the powder Ti₂AlNb alloy， and the inclusions obviously affect the consistency and stability of the room-temperature tensile properties of the powder alloy.

The excellent comprehensive high-temperature performance of Ti₂AlNb alloy makes it a potential substitute for some nickel-based alloys， serving as a key structural material for weight reduction in aviation engines. In response to the lightweight design requirements of future high-performance aviation engines， a combination of statistical comparison， control experiments， finite element simulation analysis， and other methods are used to analyse the material properties， alloy cold/hot processing performance， weight reduction benefits， etc. The advantages， potential， and remaining issues of the alloy’s application in aviation engines are discussed. The analysis results indicate the feasibility of using Ti₂AlNb alloy in aviation engines， with significant advantages in weight reduction： the alloy achieves a good balance of strength， toughness， and plasticity without obvious shortcomings； it has acceptable cold and hot processing performance， and can obtain engineering-sized parts through deformation， casting， and other methods； its combustion resistance is superior to traditional titanium alloys； when applied to static components such as casings， it can achieve a weight reduction of 35.3% compared to high-temperature alloys， and when applied to integral blade/disks and rotor components， it can achieve a weight reduction of 37.3% compared to nickel-based high-temperature alloys.

The novel Ti69NbCrZrX （X=Sn，W，Al，Mo，1%-2%， mass fraction） was used as an interlayer to join TiAl alloy with Ti₂AlNb alloy by pulsed current diffusion welding at 900 ℃/30 min/8 MPa. The post-weld joint microstructure and properties were analyzed by SEM， EDS， EBSD， and room temperature tensile test. The results show that defect-free TiAl/Ti₂AlNb joints can be obtained using Ti69NbCrZrX as the connecting interlayer. The joint interface microstructure is mainly composed of TiAl diffusion affected zone， interlayer diffusion zone， and Ti₂AlNb diffusion affected zone. The TiAl diffusion affected zone structure is composed of white β phase and gray block α₂ phase，the interlayer diffusion zone structure is mainly composed of gray block α₂+ α phase， and white β/B2 phase composition， Ti₂AlNb diffusion affected zone is composed of β/B2 matrix phase with lath and acicular O phase. The average value of room temperature tensile strength of the joint is 642.5 MPa， which reaches 91.57% of the strength of the base material. The fracture mode of the joints is dominated by brittle intergranular fracture， supplemented by brittle transgranular fracture.

Titanium and titanium alloys with surface-prepared coatings have excellent overall performance as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells， but the bare plates will form passivation films with poor electrical conductivity during service， reducing the efficiency of the whole machine. By studying the feasibility of α-corrosion resistant titanium alloy Ti35 （Ti5Ta） and its Al alloying， the electrical conductivity of bare plate was improved on the premise of ensuring corrosion resistance. Using the cluster-type composition design method developed by the group and combing with the highest solid solution degree on the phase diagram， three kinds of Ti-Ta alloys with compositions of Ti-7Ta， Ti-8.3Ta， and Ti-9.6Ta and three kinds of Ti-Al-Ta alloys with compositions of Ti-2.6Al-5.8Ta， Ti-3.8Al-8.6Ta， and Ti-5Al-11.3Ta were designed. The experimental results show that the cathodic current density of the developed alloy is lower than that of the reference alloy TC4 under the simulated cathodic service environment （0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄+2×10^-6 HF） at a constant potential polarization voltage of 0.6 V （vs. SCE） for 4 h. The cathodic current density of the designed alloy is lower than that of the reference alloy TC4， among which the Ti-8.3Ta alloy has the smallest value of 0.72 μA·cm^-2. Under 1.5 MPa loading pressure， with the increase of Ta content， the interfacial contact resistance （ICR） value gradually decreases and is better than that of the pure titanium and TC4. The ICR value of Ti-5Al-11.3Ta alloy is the smallest， which is 18.3 mΩ∙cm^-2， and its cathodic polarization current density is 0.91 μA·cm^-2. In summary， the appropriate addition of Ta and Al can effectively improve the service performance of titanium alloy bipolar plates， and it is expected to realize the preparation of titanium alloy bipolar plate materials without coating.

In urgent demand for high-performance cryogenic titanium alloy for the heavy-lift launch vehicle， a novel 1500 MPa Ti-Al-V-Zr-Mo-Nb cryogenic titanium alloy （CT1400） was designed. Alloy bars and powder metallurgy materials of CT1400 were fabricated， and the microstructure， tensile properties， and cryogenic tensile deformation mechanism were also observed and analyzed. The results indicate that the CT1400 cryogenic titanium alloy mainly consists of α phase and a small quantity of β phase， which shows a typical near-α type cryogenic titanium alloy. CT1400 alloy bars display the apparent equiaxed fine-grain microstructure characteristic， and the powder metallurgy materials show the dominating lamellar microstructure combing with the “network” structure characteristic. CT1400 titanium alloys display excellent room and cryogenic tensile properties， which can stably reach cryogenic stress of 1500 MPa resulting from dislocation strengthening and grain boundary strengthening mechanisms. Furthermore， the twinning deformation at the cryogenic temperature of 20 K could additionally improve the cryogenic plastic deformation capacity of CT1400 titanium alloy by coordinating crystal orientation， promoting strain hardening， making it represent excellent coupling of strength and ductility at cryogenic temperatures.

The defects on TB6 titanium alloy were repaired using pulsed TIG（tungsten inert gas） additive manufacturing technology， and the effects of process parameters （pulse current and pulse time） and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the repaired TB6 titanium alloy were studied to determine the optimal heat treatment process parameters. The results show that the mechanical properties are relatively better in the as-repaired state when the pulse current is 50 A and the pulse time is 40 ms， with a tensile strength of 1113 MPa and an elongation of 5.26%. These samples are sequentially subjected to solid solution and aging heat treatment. When the samples are solid solution treated for 2 h under different temperatures （740， 760， 780 ℃）， the primary α phase is increasingly dissolved， while the β phase gradually grows and evenly distributes in the matrix. After water quenching， the growth of the β phase is inhibited， and acicular rhombic martensite α'' phase is precipitated in β grains， resulting in a decrease in tensile strength and a remarkable increase in elongation. Under different aging temperatures （500， 520， 540 ℃） for 8 h， the α'' phase continuously grows and gradually transforms to equiaxial grain， and the mechanical properties are greatly improved. The optimal microstructure and mechanical properties are achieved under the conditions of 780 ℃/2 h WC+520 ℃/8 h AC， with a tensile strength of 1119 MPa and an elongation of 7.36%.

The microstructures and properties of two kinds of zirconium-enriched α alloys （Ti₆₀Zr₄₀）₉₇Al₃（mass fraction/%，the same below） and （Ti₅₀Zr₅₀）₉₇Al₃ via different heat treatments were investigated and analyzed based on optical microscope （OM） observation， differential scanning calorimetric （DSC） measurement， X-ray diffraction （XRD） measurement， scanning electron microscope （SEM） observation and tensile tests at room temperature.The results show that after 850 ℃/40 min annealing， microstructures consisting of basket-weave α phase and a small amount of reticular β phase are formed in the alloys. After 850 ℃/40 min quenching， the acicular α' martensite phase is formed. After 850 ℃/40 min quenching and then 600 ℃/4 h aging， a large part of α' martensite phase converts into α phase， and the microstructures of the alloys consist of α and α'_remain phases. The yield strength of the T40Z3A alloy can reach 1100 MPa， with a favourable tensile elongation of 7%. The T50Z3A alloy exhibits higher strength but lower ductility than those of the T50Z3A alloy. Due to the higher content of Zr element， the T50Z3A alloy has more reticular β phase after annealing and more remaining α' martensite phase after quenching and aging， which results in higher strength and lower ductility.

The in-situ synthesized particle reinforced TC4 matrix composites were prepared by powder metallurgy pressureless sintering using polycarbosilane （PCS） as precursor. The thermal compression simulation experiments were conducted on TC4-1PCS （mass fraction of PCS is 1%） composites at 850-1100 ℃ and 0.001-1 s^-1 to analyze the stress-strain curves of the composites under different parameters using the Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation testing machine. The effects of deformation parameters on the reinforced phase particles， matrix structure and densification were analyzed by OM， SEM and EBSD methods. The results indicate that the TiC reinforced phase particles with the size of 5-10 μm and large amount of residual pores are observed in the TC4-1PCS composites before hot deformation. The β transition temperature（T _β） of TC4-1PCS matrix is 1000-1050 ℃. When deformed above T _β， matrix of composite consists of lamellar quenched martensite， while the matrix turns into duplex microstructure， when deformed below T _β. The deformation temperature determines the relative density and microstructure types of the composites， while the strain rate affects the phase size in the matrix and residual porosity. The densification of TC4-1PCS composites can be promoted by the increase of deformation temperature and the decrease of strain rate， while the increase of strain rate has obvious effect on the microstructure refinement. The microstructure refinement and densification of TC4-1PCS composites can be achieved by the deformation at 1050 ℃ and 0.1 s^-1.

The low-cycle fatigue （LCF） behavior of Ti-10Mo-xFe （x=1， 2， 3，mass fraction/%） alloys with different plastic deformation modes were investigated by OM， SEM， EBSD and electro-hydraulic fatigue test machine. The effects of the strain amplitudes （Δε _t/2=0.5%， 1.0% and 1.5%） and Fe content on the mechanical response， microstructures and fatigue crack propagation behavior were analyzed. The results show that the low-cycle fatigue performance of the alloys decreases with the increase of strain amplitude and Fe content. The cyclic stress response behaviors generally exhibit an initial cyclic hardening and then tend towards a cyclic stability or slight cyclic softening until fracture. The plastic deformation mode of Ti-10Mo-1Fe alloy is dominated by ｛332｝〈113〉 twinning， and changes to dislocation slip with the increase of Fe content. A few twins are formed in the fatigue initiation region of Ti-10Mo-1Fe alloy under low strain amplitude， and the twin area fraction increases gradually along the crack propagation direction， while a large number of twins are activated near the fracture area under high strain amplitude. The activation and intersection of abundant twins in Ti-10Mo-1Fe alloy divide the grain into network microstructures， which effectively release the stress concentration and delay the initiation of fatigue crack due to the dynamic microstructure refinement effect. At the same time， the abundant twin boundaries significantly extend the fatigue crack propagation path because the micro-crack deflects along the twin boundaries.

Besides cast-rolling speed and casting temperature， the melt pressure in the cast-rolling zone is also an important factor affecting the process stability and interfacial bonding strength of horizontal two-roll cast Ti/Al composite plate. In this study， several Ti/Al composite plates were prepared under different melt pressures in the cast-rolling zone by adjusting the liquid level of the melt in the sluice during the cast-rolling composite process. The microstructure and interfacial bonding properties of the composite plates were characterized by metallography， scanning electron microscopy， microhardness， tensile test and T-type peeling test at room temperature. Results show that when the melt pressure is relatively high， composite plate with full filling， good plate shape and high bonding strength can be produced successfully. However， excessively high melt pressure will affect the stability of the cast-rolling composite process. When the melt pressure is too low， the transverse flow capacity of the melt decreases. As a result， the cast-rolling zone cannot be completely filled with the melt， and the defects such as misrun and side penetration occur. At the same time， some micropores and microcracks appear on the Ti/Al interface. Under relatively high melt pressure， the solid/liquid contact distance is long. In this condition， the wetting between the strip surface and the melt is more sufficient， the melt is more evenly distributed， and the diffusion between solid and liquid is more sufficient. As a result， the composite plate has high bonding strength， which reaches 20.1 N/mm.

High-quality thick Ti-6321 titanium alloy welded joints were obtained by tungsten inert gas（TIG）welding， the microstructure changes of fusion zone， heat affected zone and base metal zone of the welded joints before and after annealing were compared.The impact properties， fracture toughness and tensile properties were tested， and which were compared with the base metal. The results show that the microstructure of the fusion zone before annealing is composed of coarse β columnar grains with fully grown intragranular acicular martensite α′ phase， and heat affected zone consists of equiaxed structure with β matrix and primary α phase， martensite α′ phase precipitates in β matrix.After annealing， the martensite α′ phase in β matrix of the fusion zone and heat affected zone completely transforms into secondary α phase. The impact toughness， fracture toughness， tensile strength and elongation of Ti-6321 titanium alloy welded joints are 80.3 J/cm²， 113.00 MPa·m^1/2， 873 MPa and 9%， respectively， which are 104.7%， 84.1%， 100% and 67.7% of the base metal，respectively. Compared with the fracture of the base metal， the impact fracture of welded joints has a coarser stepped surface and smaller equiaxed dimples， while the fracture surface of toughness is more flat and the fatigue crack propagation zone is narrower.

Zr-Y modified silicide coating was deposited on TC4 alloy by the pack cementation process. The microstructure， friction and wear performance， and wear mechanisms of the coating were investigated. The results show that the Zr-Y modified silicide coating has a multi-layer structure， an outer layer consists of TiSi₂ and a small amount of ZrSi₂， a thin middle layer is TiSi， and an inner layer is a mixture of Ti₅Si₄ and Ti₅Si₃. The micro-hardness of the coating is much higher than that of the TC4 substrate and exhibits an obvious decrease tendency from the surface to the interior. The Zr-Y modified silicide coating possesses good anti-wear performance when wearing against GCr15 and Al₂O₃ balls at a high-temperature of 600 ℃. When wearing against GCr15， the wear rate of the coating is about 3.59×10^-5 mm³/（N·m）， which is about 36.6% of that of the TC4 substrate， and the main wear mechanisms are characterized by the adhesive of GCr15 on the coating surface and oxidation wear. When wearing against the Al₂O₃ ball， the wear rate of the coating is about 9.75×10^-5 mm³/（N·m）， which is about 18.9% of that of the TC4 substrate， and the wear mechanisms are fatigue wear， oxidation wear， and adhesion wear.

The ignition and combustion behaviors of titanium aluminide (TiAl alloy) were studied by using laser oxygen concentration experimental method combined with ultra-high temperature infrared thermometer, high-speed camera in-situ observation, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The formation and movement laws of the molten body, types and structural characteristics during the combustion process were revealed, and the molten body mechanism was further explored. The results show that the critical conditions of laser power and oxgyen concentration for the ignition and sustained burning of TiAl alloy follow parabolic and parabolic+linear laws, respectively, which are significantly higher than those of near α high temperature titanium alloy, indicating the better flame retardant properties of TiAl alloy. The ignition temperature of TiAl alloy is higher than the melting point. During the ignition period, the partial melting of the matrix causes the transition of Al element from internal oxidation to external oxidation. The oxides formed during the sustained burning stage are characterized as Al₂O₃, Al₂Ti₇O₁₅, Al₂TiO₅, and Al₆Ti₂O₁₃ phases from the inner side to the burning surface. The continuous network Al₂O₃ layer formed in the fusion zone can hinder the movement of the melt. The Ti-Al-O ternary phase formed in the combustion zone can improve the stability of the Al₂O₃ protective layer by reducing the decomposition pressure of Al₂O₃, thus leading to the better flame retardant performance of TiAl alloy.

The ignition behavior of Ti₃Al-based alloy in 220-380 m/s gas flow environment was studied by using friction ignition method. Combined with numerical calculations, the influence of airflow velocity on surface oxygen concentration and oxidation control step was analyzed, and then the influence of airflow velocity on ignition behavior was discussed. The results show that the Ti₃Al-based alloy begins to ignite when the airflow velocity reaches 240 m/s.When the airflow velocity reaches 360 m/s, the Ti₃Al-based alloy no longer ignites.Under low airflow velocity conditions, the surface oxygen concentration at high temperature is lower than the critical value, and the oxidation reaction control step changes from the chemical kinetics process at low temperature to the diffusion process of oxygen to the alloy surface at high temperature. As the airflow velocity increases, although the convective heat dissipation rate increases, the increase rate of the oxidation heat generation rate caused by the increase of the surface oxygen concentration is greater than that of convective heat dissipation rate, which increases the heating rate and promotes the ignition of Ti₃Al-based alloy.Under high airflow velocity conditions, the surface oxygen concentration at high temperature is still higher than the critical value, and the control step of the oxidation reaction is always the chemical kinetics process. At this time, with the increase of airflow velocity, the increase rate of oxidation heat generation rate at high temperature is smaller than that of convective heat dissipation rate, resulting in a decrease in heating rate, which is not conducive to the ignition of Ti₃Al-based alloy.

Ti-6Al-4V alloy is widely used in aerospace and chemical equipment manufacturing due to its good strength, plasticity, toughness, corrosion resistance and weldability, but its hardness and abrasion resistance are not high enough to limit its service life under frictional wear conditions to some extent. Ti-6Al-4V alloy homogeneous cermet cladding layer with TiC-added phase was additively prepared based on the optimized process method of laser cladding, and the strengthening effect of TiC enhancement with respect to the cladding layer microstructure as well as the basic mechanical properties was characterized and verified. The results show that the main phases of the cladding layer include α-Ti, β-Ti and TiC, of which TiC is supersaturated and precipitated within the cladding layer. Due to the difference in the supercooling degree at different locations of the cladding layer, the precipitated TiC is mainly in the form of fine particles at the top of the cladding layer, while it is mainly in the form of dendrites and petals in the middle of the cladding layer. The bottom of the cladding has a new wheat spikes precipitation shape, while no significant TiC precipitation is seen in the dilution zone. The average microhardness of the cladding layer is 530HV_0.5, which is 61% higher than that of the substrate; the average friction coefficient of the cladding layer is 0.3583 at 35 N load, which is 11% lower than that of the substrate, and the volume wear rate is about 87% that of the substrate, and the wear is in the form of adhesive wear and abrasive wear.

The composition of high-damage-tolerance dual-phase TC21 (Ti-6Al-2Zr-2Sn-2Mo-2Nb-1.5Cr) were analyzed on the basis of the dual-cluster formula of Ti-6Al-4V, consisting of 13 α-Ti and 4 β-Ti unit. Its β-Ti unit is reduced from 5 to 4 compared with Ti-6Al-4V, while adding more β-stabilizing elements to enhance the strength and plasticity. Subsequently, the atoms of each β-stabilizing element within the β-Ti cluster formula of TC21 were proportioned equally to increase the mixing entropy, and more Zr content was increased to substantially enhance the β-phase stability, giving the cluster formula as α-{[Al-Ti₁₂](AlTi₂)}₁₃+β-{[(Al-(Ti₁₂Zr₂)]Sn_0.75Mo_0.75Nb_0.75Cr_0.75}₄(atom fraction), named as TC21Z2, with the corresponding mass fraction of Ti-5.9Al-5.4Zr-2.6Sn-2.1Mo-2.0Nb-1.1Cr. The samples were prepared by using vacuum copper mold pouring process and the as-cast microstructure and tensile mechanical properties of the alloy were studied.Results show that the as-cast microstructure of TC21Z2 is composed of α+α' martensite+ a small amount of β phases, and its ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation are 1289, 1181 MPa and 1.4%, respectively. Its strength and plasticity are better than those of the TC21 at the same state.

Metastable β type Ti-34Nb-4Zr-0.3O(mass fraction/%)alloy (TNZO) was prepared by vacuum arc melting, single-phase hot forging and cold rolling. The cold-rolled TNZO alloys were aged at low-temperature of 250 ℃ and 300 ℃ in order to reveal the effect of aging temperature and time on the precipitation behavior of ω phase and the mechanical properties of the alloys. The results show that ω phase precipitates in nanometer size as a result of low temperature aging which leads to the increase of strength and elastic modulus of the alloys. ω phase is easy to coarsen and agglomerate when the alloy is aged at 300 ℃, which results in the rapid drop of the elongation and embrittlement of the alloy. Short time aging at 250 ℃ could make the ω phase precipitated dispersedly with small volume fraction, enabling the alloy to have excellent comprehensive properties of high strength, low modulus, ultra-high elasticity and good plasticity and show a broad application prospect in the field of aerospace elastic titanium alloys and medical implant titanium alloys.

TCGH(TC4+GH4169)composite material was prepared by selective laser melting(SLM). The optimum forming process parameters of TCGH composite material were investigated, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-deposited samples and heat-treated samples were studied. The results show that the optimum process parameters for fabrication of TCGH composite material are scanning speed of 900 mm/s with laser power of 150 W, and density higher than 99.5%. The addition of GH4169 powder changes the solid phase transformation behavior of TC4 titanium alloy material, and the as-deposited structure shows obvious high temperature solidification characteristics, which makes the forming characteristics of progressive scanning overlap and layer-by-layer scanning accumulation obvious. The original coarse columnar β grain size along the printing direction is significantly reduced, and the tensile strength of the composite is improved. Compared with the as-deposited sample, the microstructure of the heat-treated sample is transformed into a near-equiaxed structure. At the same time, with the increase of heat treatment temperature, the dissolution of the second phase leads to the dominant solid solution strengthening effect of the composite material, which improves the tensile strength and plasticity of the composite material.

An experimental study on high cycle fatigue behavior of selective laser melting (SLM) TC4 alloy was carried out. The fatigue properties of the alloy under two sampling directions (horizontal and vertical) and two temperatures (room temperature and 400 ℃) were compared and analyzed. Also the feasibility of improving the fatigue properties of the alloy by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) was explored. The results show that the fatigue properties of the alloy after annealing are significantly anisotropic, and the fatigue properties of the vertical samples are higher than that of the horizontal ones. Compared with room temperature, the fatigue life of the alloy at 400 ℃ is reduced, but the anisotropy still exists. After hot isostatic pressing, the fatigue life of the alloy presents a certain degree of improvement, and the anisotropy of fatigue properties decreases. The fracture analysis shows that the cracks of SLM TC4 alloy mainly originate from surface and subsurface defects which are mainly pores. The statistical analysis shows that the source defect size of vertical samples is lower than that of horizontal samples, which is the main reason for the decrease of fatigue properties of horizontal samples. After hot isostatic pressing, cracks in both horizontal and vertical samples of the alloy are generated at the surface slip, and the porosity of the alloy is significantly reduced without obvious defects, and the decrease in the number of defects is the main reason for the improvement of fatigue properties of the alloy.

Ti-13Nb-5Sn dental alloy was prepared by powder metallurgy method. The effects of ball milling time (3, 12, 24 h and 48 h) on powder performances, material microstructure, electrochemical corrosion and tribological behavior were investigated. The results show that with the increase of ball milling time from 3 h to 48 h, the powder morphology gradually changes from bulky to fine particles, and a part of Nb and Sn atoms diffuse into Ti lattice to form a certain volume of Ti(Nb) and Ti(NbSn) solid solutions. Moreover, equiaxed α-Ti decreases and shifts into columnar grain boundary α-Ti, and the basket structure changes to Widmandelsteiner structure. The potentiodynamic polarization curves show that the corrosion potential (E_corr) and polarization resistance (R_p) of the alloy display an upward trend, the corrosion current density (I_corr) reveals a downward trend in artificial saliva (AS) and simulated body fluid (SBF). The corrosion resistance of the alloy is improved because of reduction of α-Ti and increase of β-Ti. The hardness of the alloy increases, while the friction coefficient, wear depth and wear rate gradually decrease. More grain boundaries generate in sintering of the fine powder, resulting in the wear resistance of the alloy intensifying. The Ti-13Nb-5Sn alloy prepared by mechanical alloying combined with molding and sintering shows good corrosion and wear resistances, and has a great potential in the dental field.

TiB was planted into the matrix titanium alloy through the rapid solidification process, and the new ultrafine network reinforced titanium matrix composites (TMCs) powder was formed. Based on the laser additive manufacturing technology, a new titanium matrix composite with alternate distribution of equiaxed network and columnar network structure were creatively fabricated, the formation mechanism of the network structure was systematically discussed, and the mechanical properties of the super-solidified TMCs by additive manufacturing were tested. The results indicate that the network structure (about 9 μm) of the additively manufactured TiB/Ti composites is mainly composed of in-situ nano-TiB whiskers, presenting two crystal structures of B₂₇ and B_f. The direct introduction of B element is easy to form constitutional supercooling at the solidification interface. The equiaxed α phases are obtained by promoting the alternating formation of equiaxed/columnar network structure and refining the grain size. In addition, the formed nano-TiB network structure, not only inhibits the crack deflection and passivate cracks, but also confines the large number of slip lines inside the TiB network structure via in-situ observation, inducing high-density dislocations at the grain boundaries, which limites its plastic deformation, and greatly improves the strength of the composites. The additively manufactured TiB/Ti composites increases the tensile strength by 42%, and maintains the elongation of about 10%.

In order to optimize the hot working window of the novel TiZrAlHf Ti-based medium entropy alloy, the thermal deformation characteristics and microstructural evolution during thermal deformation were investigated by using hot compression simulation experiments and microstructural characterization methods. The results show that the microstructure of TiZrAlHf alloy ingot primarily consists of lamellar α phase and Widmanstatten structure at grain boundaries. The β transformation temperature (T_β) of TiZr-AlHf alloys is 895 ℃. Within the α/α+β phase region (700-850 ℃) during deformation, an instability zone is identified within the temperature range of 700-750 ℃. The thermal deformation activation energy in the α/α+β phase region is 827.514 kJ/mol, the deformation microstructure predominantly comprised globular α phase, with the softening mechanism involving the globularization of lamellar α phase. When the alloy is deformed in the β phase region (900-1100 ℃) test process range, there is no instability zone in hot processing map, all samples remain intact without any signs of cracking. Consequently, free forging can be employed for roughing and finish forging operations. The hot deformation activation energy is 113.909 kJ/mol, and the deformation microstructure is mainly elongated β grains and acicular martensite α'. The softening mechanism in the region is dynamic recovery. The underlying nature of both deformation softening mechanisms lies in the proliferation of dislocations, slip and the evolution of cellular structures.