As new energy vehicles proliferate and energy storage systems scale up， lithium-ion batteries confront market risks stemming from resource scarcity and price volatility. In this context， sodium-ion batteries have emerged as a promising alternative， leveraging their abundant resources to potentially complement lithium-ion batteries in large-scale electrochemical energy storage and low-speed electric vehicles. Despite the rapid surge in sodium-ion battery research and the onset of commercialization initiatives globally， several market and technological prerequisites persist， posing challenges compared to the well-established lithium-ion battery system. This article provides a concise overview of sodium-ion batteries from a commercialization perspective， tracing their development history and current industry standing. It delves into the core positive and negative electrode materials， costs， and application prospects within the existing sodium storage electrode material systems. Additionally， the article presents a forward-looking analysis of future opportunities and challenges， aiming to guide further advancements in the sodium-ion battery industry.

In recent years，sodium-ion batteries have become a research hotspot in the world and are gradually moving toward industrialization. However，they still have shortcomings，including phase transition，structural degradation，and voltage plateau. Therefore，the development of positive electrode materials with better performance plays a crucial role in the capacity and energy density of sodium-ion batteries. This paper meticulously introduces three primary categories of positive electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries： transition metal oxides，polyanions，and Prussian blue. It elucidates the unique advantages of each material in diverse applications，acknowledges their inherent limitations，and presents a range of improvement strategies to address the challenges of low capacity and energy density. Additionally，by examining the investment trends and industrial layouts of sodium-ion battery positive electrode materials，this study analyzes the industrialization pathways and current development statuses of these three systems，summarizing the latest research advancements. Therefore，it is anticipated that with the ongoing maturation of theoretical foundations and industrial advancements，sodium-ion batteries will rapidly develop，and gradually integrate into daily life.

Sodium-ion batteries have garnered significant attention owing to their abundant sodium reserves， cost-effectiveness， and operational principles akin to lithium-ion batteries， exhibiting immense potential for large-scale energy storage applications. The advancement of sodium-ion batteries with rapid charge-discharge capabilities can effectively cater to frequency modulation needs in large-scale energy storage systems. As a pivotal component， the electrolyte in sodium-ion batteries plays a crucial role in electrode/electrolyte interface reactions and significantly influences the fast-charging characteristics of these batteries. This paper delve into the opportunities and challenges associated with fast-charging electrolytes in sodium-ion batteries. Furthermore， we discuss the intimate relationship between the fast-charging performance of sodium-ion batteries and the properties of the electrolyte， focusing on the electrolyte’s transmission characteristics and electrochemical stability. Lastly， we summarize the current development status of fast-charging electrolytes based on various solvent systems and propose a general design strategy. The comprehensive analysis presented in this paper offers valuable insights and guidance for the research and development of sodium-ion batteries with rapid charge-discharge capabilities.

Prussian blue analogous compounds （PBAs） have emerged as promising candidates for cathode materials in next-generation sodium-ion batteries （SIBs）， attributed to their inherent thermodynamic stability， expansive ion intercalation/deintercalation pathways， abundant electrochemically active sites， as well as their adjustable chemical compositions and elemental ratios. However， the electrochemical performance of these materials is frequently compromised by crystal defects and high levels of crystalline and interstitial water content. This review delves into the structure of PBAs， categorizing them from both single-electron and two-electron perspectives. It examines the prevalent challenges faced by PBAs， systematically reviewing existing typical modification strategies across six dimensions： crystallinity control， defect mitigation， morphology modulation， ion doping/substitution， component optimization， and carbon coating/compositing. Furthermore， it offers insights into the current status of PBAs in transitioning from laboratory research to industrial applications. Looking ahead， this paper anticipates the development of PBAs in the realm of SIBs， expecting them to advance from the laboratory stage to industrialized applications through advancements in materials engineering and surface science.

With the rapid development of modern technology，there is an increasing demand for energy storage systems that can operate stably in extreme environments，especially in cutting-edge fields such as unmanned aerial vehicles，electric vehicles，and deep-sea exploration. Lithium-ion batteries，due to their high energy density，long life，and lack of memory effect，have become an ideal choice to meet the energy needs in these extreme environments. However，harsh conditions such as extreme temperatures，impacts，and pressures pose serious challenges to the performance and safety of batteries. This article reviews the failure behaviors and mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries in various extreme environments in recent years，focusing on the changes in the internal material structure of the batteries，lithium ion transport，and electrochemical reactions to explore the internal material failure mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries under various extreme conditions. Finally，the article summarizes the main measures to improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries in extreme environments. It is hoped that these studies can guide the design of more durable and efficient lithium-ion batteries in the future，promoting the development of lithium-ion batteries in a wider range of fields.

With the increasing demand for energy storage， higher requirements have been put forward for the cycle life， capacity， working stability， and rate performances in batteries. Lithium-ion batteries （LIBs） are favoured for their excellent electrochemical performance and broad development prospects and have been widely applied in mobile devices， electric vehicles， and other fields. However， the bottleneck factors such as life decay and high cost have hindered the further promotion and application of LIBs. This article reviews the main factors affecting the cycle life decay of LIBs， including damage and gas production of positive electrode materials， as well as the consumption of active lithium caused by the repair of negative electrode solid electrolyte interface （SEI） membrane and the formation of lithium dendrites. Effective ways for scientific researchers to improve the life properties of LIBs in recent years， including the structural design of negative electrode materials and the control of SEI film stability， as well as ion doping and surface coating of positive electrode materials， are also summarized. Finally， the future development trends in this field from three aspects， such as multi-element doping， uniform coating new technology， and stable SEI film control are proposed based on the bottleneck issues in the development of lithium-ion batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries have been a crucial and indispensable energy storage system in the energy technology. Developing Li-ion batteries with high energy density，extended cycle life，and cost-effectiveness is a central challenge. Silicon material，distinguished by its impressive theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh·g^-1 and low price，has emerged as a promising candidate for negative electrode material. However，its substantial volume expansion，reaching up to 300% during charging and discharging cycles，poses a formidable commercial hurdle. To date，three generations of silicon-carbon negative electrode materials have undergone iterative development. This review focuses on three generations of silicon-carbon negative electrode materials fabricated via the CVD method. The material structure design，experimental methodologies，reaction mechanisms，and material properties are analyzed. The strengths and weaknesses of these three generations of preparation techniques are summarized，and insights into the future direction of silicon-carbon negative electrodes in Li-ion batteries are provided.

With the development of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles， the energy density of traditional lithium-ion batteries is approaching their theoretical limit. The research on lithium metal batteries with high energy density has been re-focused. However， the high reactivity of lithium increases safety risks and reduces energy density when excess lithium is used. Anode-free lithium metal batteries （AF-LMBs） have emerged as a solution. AF-LMBs possess high energy density and the lowest redox potential. But they have poor cycle life， limited active materials， and complex interfacial reactions. Improving the cycle stability of AF-LMBs is key to realizing the application of high-energy-density storage systems.This paper reviews the development of AF-LMBs and analyzes in depth the current challenges they face from four aspects： lithium dendrites， electrolyte stability， solid electrolyte interface （SEI）， and current collectors. These factors together affect the cycle stability， safety， and energy density of AF-LMBs. Finally， it is pointed out that the future research directions should focus on optimizing electrolyte formulations， designing artificial SEI layers， and improving current collector materials and structures. Meanwhile， paying attention to the volumetric energy density of batteries to meet the demand for compact and efficient energy storage systems in practical applications， thereby promoting the commercialization of AF-LMBs.

Lithium-ion batteries quickly occupy the absolute leading position in the secondary battery market because of their high energy density and long cycling life. However，battery thermal runaway frequently causes fire accidents，so battery safety research is of great importance and urgency. Separator as one of the key components of the lithium-ion battery plays a crucial role in the safe operation of the battery. The development of high temperature resistant separators with excellent properties，such as high mechanical strength，low thermal shrinkage，and good self-extinguishing，can significantly enhance the safety of batteries at high temperatures. This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress in the development of high-temperature resistant separators for lithium-ion batteries，including the modification of commercial polyolefin separators and the structural and performance studies of three common high-temperature resistant separators （polyacrylonitrile，polyvinylidene fluoride，and aramid fiber）. The characteristics parameters of separators，such as thickness，porosity，ionic conductivity，and thermal shrinkage，are summarized. Finally，the future development direction and opportunities of high-temperature resistant separators are prospected.

Lithium-based batteries （LBBs） are widely used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles， serving as a pivotal component in both current and emerging energy storage technologies. Lithium-sulfur batteries are considered as the ideal choice for the next generation of high-energy density batteries due to their high energy density （2600 Wh·kg^-1）. Due to the unique long chain structure and high adhesion force of polymer materials， it shows excellent performance advantages in the application of lithium-sulfur battery binder. This paper reviews the latest research progress and application prospect of polymer materials in improving the safety and stability of lithium batteries. The application of polymer materials in modified separators， solid state electrolytes， binders and flame retardants for LBBs is mainly discussed. In addition， the inhibition ability and mechanism of polymer artificial solid state electrolyte interface film and solid state electrolyte on dendrite growth are introduced， and the flame retardant property of polymer and its mechanism as solid state electrolyte are pointed out. Finally， based on the excellent plasticity and chemical controllability of polymers， the potential of high ionic conductivity and interface stability achieved by molecular design in LBBs energy storage is prospected.

In recent years， with the proposed goals of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality”， the rapid development of new energy electric vehicles has led to a soaring demand for lithium ion batteries （LIBs）. However， the widespread use of LIBs inevitably results in a sharp increase in the number of retired batteries， making the efficient recycling and reuse of these waste batteries an urgent issue. LIBs are categorized into four main types： ternary lithium ion batteries， lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries， lithium cobalt oxide lithium ion batteries， and lithium manganese oxide lithium ion batteries. Among them， lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries stand out for their extensive applications and high recycling potential. Currently， the recycling of waste lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries primarily focuses on the recovery of valuable elements from cathode materials， high-value reuse of materials， and the recycling and functional development of anode materials. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in the recycling and reuse of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials， highlighting processes such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recovery， the regeneration of cathode materials and their innovative applications in catalysts， as well as the reprocessing of waste anode graphite and the preparation of graphite-based functional materials. Finally， combined with the current technical level， the recycling and utilization of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials are summarized， and it is pointed out that the future direction of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials recycling should highlight the trend of optimization classification and recycling strategy， innovative recycling technology， comprehensive recycling， in-depth research on recycling mechanism， and optimization of electrode material design. At the same time， the challenges of future recycling technology are complex battery composition， irregular battery shape， electrolyte processing problems， and low recovery rate.

Lithium fluorocarbon batteries have gained widespread application in areas such as implantable medical devices， military application， sensors， wireless devices， and aerospace due to their high energy density， excellent safety performance， and low self-discharge rates. The performance of lithium fluorocarbon batteries is particularly critical in extending the service life of leadless pacemakers. This article reviews the strategies for enhancing the capacity and voltage of lithium fluorocarbon batteries. The following three aspects are mainly discussed：firstly， the advancement of high specific capacity and high voltage fluorocarbon， involving the optimization of carbon source structure， pre- and post-fluorination treatment， and control of fluorination methods； secondly， the development of high-performance electrolytes， including the use of low concentration lithium salts with solvents processing high donor number， as well as reactive lithium salts and solvents； lastly， the optimization of battery manufacturing processes， particularly focusing on thick electrode and electrolyte injection processes. A comprehensive analysis indicates that by meticulously modulating the structure of carbon sources， optimizing the proportion of fluorocarbon bonds， improving electrolyte formulations， and innovating process technologies， it is possible to develop lithium fluorocarbon batteries with higher capacity and voltage， thereby effectively enhancing the service life of leadless pacemakers.

Sodium iron phosphate （NaFePO₄， NFP）， a cathode material renowned for its stable three-dimensional structure and high theoretical specific capacity of 154 mAh·g^-1， stands out as a pivotal component in sodium ion batteries. NFP exists in two distinct crystal structures： triphylite and maricite. The triphylite variety boasts a long lifespan and high reversible capacity， yet its structural thermodynamic instability poses challenges for conventional synthesis methods. Conversely， the maricite structure is stable but exhibits electrochemically inert characteristics due to the absence of cationic transport channels. Both structures suffer from low conductivity and sluggish reaction kinetics， hindering their industrial applications. This paper delves into the characteristics of these two crystal structures and summarizes various synthesis methods， including solid-state， hydrothermal， displacement， and electrospinning， as well as modification techniques such as crystal structure regulation and material surface modification. Additionally， it identifies the key challenges faced by NFP cathodes and presents potential solutions， while also outlining future research directions.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries （AZIBs） have emerged as a highly competitive and promising new energy storage technology due to their high safety， high theoretical specific capacity， low cost， and simple fabrication process. In recent years， vanadium-based oxide materials have been widely used as cathode materials for AZIBs due to their high theoretical capacity， diverse valence states， and high electrochemical activity. However， challenges such as low electronic conductivity， structural instability， slow kinetics， and complex energy storage mechanisms hinder their further development and application in AZIBs. Recently， with the continuous optimization of electrode materials and the in-depth exploration of electrode reaction mechanisms， researchers discover that defect engineering strategies can effectively address these issues and enhance the electrochemical performance of vanadium-based oxide cathode materials. This review summarizes the zinc storage mechanisms of vanadium-based oxides， explores the research progress of applying defect engineering strategies to vanadium-based oxide cathode materials in aqueous zinc-ion batteries， discusses and summarizes the reasons for the improvement in zinc storage performance， and provides prospects for future research directions in defect engineering. The aim is to promote the development and practical application of high-performance zinc-ion batteries.

Fluorinated and cyanosubstituted lithium sulfonimide （LiFBTFSI and LiCBTFSI） are synthesized from 4-fluorobenzene sulfonyl chloride and 4-cyanobenzene sulfonyl chloride by sulfonylation and ion exchange， respectively. Two PEO based polymer electrolytes （PEO₂₀-LiFBTFSI and PEO₂₀-LiCBTFSI） are prepared by solution casting， and their micromorphology， thermal stability and electrochemical properties are characterized. The results show that at 60 ℃ and EO/Li⁺=20， the ionic conductivity of the two solid electrolyte reaches 10^-4 S/cm， the electrochemical stability window is greater than 5 V， and the battery assembled with lithium iron phosphate has a high initial discharge capacity （0.1 C， ≈150 mAh·g^-1）. Compared with the fluorine PEO₂₀-LiFBTFSI solid electrolyte， the cyan-containing PEO₂₀-LiCBTFSI solid electrolyte has better electrochemical stability and interface compatibility. After 50 cycles， the specific discharge capacity of the battery is 137.4 mAh·g^-1， and the capacity retention rate is 93.0%. In addition， the cyano-containing PEO₂₀-LiCBTFSI solid electrolyte has good electrochemical stability with lithium metal， and the assembled lithium symmetric battery operates stably at a current density of 0.1 mA/cm² for 500 h without short circuit.

Separator modification represents a prevalent approach to inhibiting lithium dendrite growth and enhancing battery safety. In this study， lithium metal serves as the negative electrode， LiFePO₄ as the cathode， and a graphene coating modified polypropylene separator is employed. Lithium batteries are assembled and undergo rigorous testing， including cycling tests， rate capability tests， electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） measurements， and morphological analysis of the lithium negative electrode before and after cycling. The primary focus is to investigate the influence of positioning the graphene coating towards either the cathode or the negative electrode on battery performance. Cycle performance results indicate that when the graphene coating faces the negative electrode， the battery exhibits an initial discharge-specific capacity of 168 mAh/g at 0.2 C. After enduring 500 cycles， the discharge-specific capacity remains stable at 154 mAh/g， yielding a capacity retention rate of 91.67%. EIS analysis further reveals that the battery with the graphene coating oriented towards the negative electrode exhibits decreased interfacial resistance and improved reaction kinetics. Moreover， the surface of the cycled lithium negative electrode remains smooth and uniform， devoid of significant lithium dendrite formation. Consequently， lithium batteries configured with the graphene coating facing the negative electrode demonstrate superior cycle performance and heightened safety.

Two metal-organic frameworks （MOFs）， Ce-UiO-66， and Zr-UiO-66， are synthesized using cerium ammonium nitrate （Ce（NH₄）₂（NO₃）₆） and zirconium tetrachloride （ZrCl₄） as metal salts， and 1，4-benzenedicarboxylic acid （H₂BDC） as the organic linker. The crystal structure and morphology of the MOFs are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The MOFs-modified functional separators are prepared by loading Ce-UiO-66 and Zr-UiO-66 onto one side of commercial Celgard PP separators via vacuum filtration. The electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur batteries is assembled and tested. The results show that the Ce-UiO-66 modified separator batteries demonstrates optimal electrochemical performance. At a rate of 0.2 C， the initial discharge capacity reaches 1047 mAh·g^-1， with a capacity retention rate of 77.5% after 200 cycles and Coulombic efficiency approaching 100%. Under various current rates， the Ce-UiO-66 modified cells deliver discharge capacities of 1281， 945， 768.1， 673.2， 604.7 mAh·g^-1 at 0.1， 0.2， 0.5， 1， 2 C， respectively. When returning to 0.1 C， the capacity recovers to 951.6 mAh·g^-1 with a capacity retention rate of 74.3%. The above results demonstrate that the redox-active Ce₆-oxo clusters in Ce-UiO-66 can effectively catalyze the conversion reactions of lithium polysulfides （LiPSs） and enhance the redox kinetics. Furthermore， Ce-UiO-66 possesses abundant defects and unsaturated coordination sites， which can effectively anchor LiPSs， mitigate the shuttle effect， and further enhance the electrochemical performance of batteries.

The sulfonated branched polybenzimidazole （sb-PBI） membranes with theoretical sulfonation degrees of 30%，40%，50%，and 60% are prepared by reacting between synthesized branched polybenzimidazole and 1，4-butane sultone for application in all-vanadium flow battery （VFB）. Among them，the sb-PBI-50 membrane shows excellent vanadium ion resistance （9.34×10^-9 cm²/min），proton conductivity （2.05×10^-2 S/cm），and selectivity （2.20×10⁶ S·min/cm³）. The coulomb efficiencies （96.26%-98.35%），voltage efficiencies （73.50%-90.19%），and energy efficiencies （71.72%-86.82%） of VFB with sb-PBI-50 membrane are higher than those of commercial Nafion 212 membrane under the current density of 80-280 mA/cm². In addition，the VFB assembled with sb-PBI-50 membrane can stably carry out 1170 charge-discharge cycles at 140 mA/cm². The chemical structure and micro-morphologies can remain stable after long-term cycles，indicating that the sb-PBI-50 membrane has good application potential in VFB.

In light of the “rich coal，poor oil，and scarce gas” resource status in China，developing carbon electrode materials from coal can accelerate the transformation of clean and efficient utilization of coal and the realization of “dual carbon” goals. Herein，the porous carbon is synthesized from Shenmu bituminous coal via a one-step KOH activation strategy. The results indicate that the resultant carbon possesses a hierarchical porous structure with a surface area of 2094.5 m²·g^-1 and pore volume of 0.96 cm³·g^-1，abundant graphitized microcrystals，N/O co-doping，and excellent hydrophilicity. By employing as-fabricated carbon as cathode，2 mol·L^-1 ZnSO₄ aqueous solution as electrolyte，and Zn foil as anode，the assembled coin-type Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors （ZIHSCs） exhibit a high capacity of 178.7 mAh·g^-1 at 0.1 A·g^-1 and retain 89.2 mAh·g^-1 by enlarging the current density 200 times to 20 A·g^-1，manifesting an eminent rate performance. Importantly，the maximum energy density and power density of ZIHSCs can reach 142 Wh·kg^-1 and 16854.9 W·kg^-1，respectively. Furthermore，the quasi-solid ZIHSCs based on the gel electrolyte of gelatin@ZnSO₄ also deliver outstanding electrochemical capability and excellent flexibility.

Different crystal forms of manganese dioxide （MnO₂） are synthesized using KMnO₄， MnSO₄·H₂O， （NH4）₂S₂O₈， and hydrochloric acid as raw materials by precisely controlling the temperature and duration of a hydrothermal reaction. The structure and morphology of the materials are characterized using XRD， SEM， and TEM. The results show that the synthesized MnO₂ nanoparticles display different microscopic morphologies depending on their crystal forms. A comparison of their electrochemical performances indicates that δ-MnO₂， due to its unique flower-like structure， provides many reaction sites， leading to superior performance compared to other crystal forms of manganese dioxide. At a current density of 2 A/g， δ-MnO₂ achieves a capacity of 623.48 mAh/g after 1400 cycles. The kinetic properties of the MnO₂ electrode are investigated using cyclic voltammetry， electrochemical impedance spectroscopy， and constant current intermittent titration techniques. It reveals that δ-MnO₂ exhibits a higher Li⁺ diffusion rate.