1 制备工艺
图1 非连续增强钛基复合材料的制备工艺a-melting casting;b-reactive hot pressing;c-hot isostatic pressing;d-spark plasma sintering;e-mechanical alloying;f-self-propagating high temperature synthesis;g-spray deposition;h-additive manufacturing Fig.1 Fabrication of discontinuously reinforced titanium matrix composites |
1.1 熔炼铸造法
1.2 粉末冶金法
1.2.1 反应热压法
图2 两级网状结构钛基复合材料的设计、制备、组织与性能(a)两级网状分布的形成机制示意图[33];(b),(c)(2%TiBw+4%Ti5Si3)/Ti6Al4V的SEM显微照片[34];(d)Ti6Al4V合金及四种以Ti6Al4V为基体的复合材料的室温拉伸性能[35];(e)Ti6Al4V与(4%Ti5Si3+3.4%TiBw)/Ti6Al4V的高温拉伸性能[36];(f)Ti6Al4V合金及四种以Ti6Al4V为基体的复合材料经800 ℃氧化后质量增加-时间曲线[37](e)high-temperature tensile properties for Ti6Al4V alloy and (4%Ti5Si3+3.4%TiBw)/Ti6Al4V[36];(f)mass gain-time curves of Ti6Al4V alloy and four different types of Ti6Al4V matrix composites after oxidizing at 800 ℃[37] Fig.2 Design, fabrication, microstructure and properties of two-scale network structured DRTMCs(a)schematic illustrations of the formation mechanism of two-scale network distribution[33];(b),(c)SEM micrographs of (2%TiBw+4%Ti5Si3)/Ti6Al4V[34];(d)room-temperature tensile properties for Ti6Al4V alloy and four different types of Ti6Al4V matrix composites[35]; |
1.2.2 热等静压法
1.2.3 放电等离子烧结法
1.3 增材制造技术
2 热变形加工
2.1 热物理模拟
图3 基于热压缩实验的DRTMCs热变形行为(a)热压缩后TiBw/近α-Ti复合材料的宏观形貌[64];(b)固溶处理态TiBw/近α-Ti在ε=0.6下的热加工图[64];TiBw/Ti60在900 ℃(c)和950 ℃(d)下的热压缩应力-应变曲线[67]Fig.3 Hot compression behavior of DRTMCs based on thermal physical simulation(a)macroscopic morphology of TiBw/near α-Ti composites after hot compression[64];(b)processing map of TiBw/near α-Ti with solid-solution treatment at ε = 0.6[64];hot compression stress-strain curves of TiBw/Ti60 at 900 ℃(c) and 950 ℃(d)[67] |
2.2 热锻造
2.3 热轧制
2.4 热挤压
2.5 超塑性变形
3 冷变形加工
图4 2%TiC/近β-Ti冷轧过程中剪切带的形成与性能演变(a)轧制过程中组织演变示意图[78];(b),(c)2%TiC/近β-Ti室温轧制60%变形量后的显微组织[79];(d)2%TiC/近β-Ti经不同变形量冷轧后的拉伸性能[79];(e)2%TiC/近β-Ti冷轧过程中剪切带的形成机制[79]ST-solution treatment;CR-cold rolling Fig.4 Shear band formation and property evolution in 2%TiC/near β-Ti during cold rolling(a)schematic illustration of the microstructure evolution during rolling deformation process[78];(b),(c)microstructure of 2%TiC/near β-Ti after cold rolling with 60% deformation at room temperature[79];(d)tensile properties of 2%TiC/near β-Ti after cold rolling with different deformations[79];(e)mechanism of shear band formation during cold rolling for 2%TiC/near β-Ti[79] |
4 连接技术
表1 DRTMCs的主要焊接方法及其优缺点与适用范围Table 1 Main welding methods of DRTMCs, their advantages, disadvantages and application scope |
| Welding technology | Joint strength coefficient | Advantage | Disadvantage | Application scope |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arc welding | 0.6-0.75 | Low cost, high efficiency and simple operation;suitable welding wire can be selected to suppress interfacial reactions | Prone to interfacial reactions;wide weld seam and large welding heat-affected zone;high sensitivity to porosity | Most non-ferrous metals |
| Laser beam welding | 0.8-0.85 | Strong penetration capability and high welding speed;small joint deformation and heat-affected zone;low porosity tendency;precise control of process parameters | High equipment cost;difficult to avoid interfacial reactions | Plates, bars and complex workpieces with high precision |
| Electron beam welding | 0.8-0.85 | Strong penetration capability and high welding speed;small joint deformation and heat-affected zone;low porosity tendency;vacuum environment | High welding cost;complex welding process with numerous controllable parameters | Plates, bars and complex workpieces with high precision |
| Brazing | 0.5-0.6 | Low heating temperature minimizes interfacial reactions;smooth and flat joint surface | Low welding efficiency;poor mechanical properties | Plates and billet cladding |
| Diffusion welding | 0.9-0.95 | No interfacial reactions;interlayer can be utilized to optimize joint performance | Low production efficiency and high cost;difficult process design with multiple parameters to select | Billet cladding and small-sized simple components |
| Friction welding | 0.9-1.0 | No interfacial reactions;high joint strength;high efficiency and low energy consumption | Complex equipment with severe tool wear and high cost | Small-sized simple components |
5 机加工
6 典型应用
表2 近期研究中非连续增强钛基复合材料的室温力学性能Table 2 List of recent studies of DRTMCs and their room temperature mechanical properties |
| Matrix | Reinforcement | Processing route | Property | Reference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RD/% | Hardness | YS/MPa | UTS/MPa | δ/% | ||||
| TC4 | 10% (mass fraction) microscale TiCp | Gas-solid reaction+HIP | 98.0 | 40HRC | 1080 | 1120 | 2.0 | [22] |
| Ti | 15% microscale TiCp | Gas-solid reaction+CIP | 98.3 | 628 | 715 | 12.1 | [23] | |
| Ti | Microscale TiCp and TiBw | MC+HF | 1244 | 1330 | 2.7 | [25] | ||
| Ti-7.8Cr | Microscale TiCp | MC | 38HRC | 862 | 5.0 | [29] | ||
| Ti-7.8Cr-1.0Nb | Microscale TiCp | MC | 47HRC | 1353 | 4.4 | |||
| Ti-B20 | 0.88% microscale TiBw, 1.32% microscale TiCp | MC+HF+HT | 465HV | 1500 | 1625 | 7.0 | [30] | |
| TA15-Si | 3.5% microscale TiBw | RHP | 976 | 1111 | 4.9 | [14] | ||
| TA15-Si | 3.5% microscale TiBw | RHP+HR | 1097 | 1248 | 10.5 | |||
| TA15 | 3.5% microscale TiBw | RHP+HF | 1100 | 9.2 | [16] | |||
| TC4 | 3.5% microscale TiBw, 4% submicro-scale Ti5Si3 needles | RHP | 1004 | 1160 | 4.0 | [33] | ||
| TC4 | 1% microscale TiBw, 4% submicro-scale Ti5Si3 needles | RHP | 990 | 1150 | 6.4 | [34] | ||
| Ti55 | 3% microscale TiBw, 2% submicro-scale (TiZr)5Si3 particles | RHP | 1070 | 1158 | 5.1 | [38] | ||
| TA15 | 3.5% microscale TiBw | RHP | 99.0 | 976 | 1111 | 4.9 | [69] | |
| TA15 | 3.5% microscale TiBw | RHP+HR | 99.7 | 1097 | 1248 | 10.5 | [69] | |
| Ti60 | 3.4% microscale TiBw | RHP+HE | 1258 | 1377 | 5.0 | [70] | ||
| Ti60 | 3.4% microscale TiBw | RHP+HT+HE | 1294 | 1364 | 5.5 | [71] | ||
| TC4 | 5% microscale TiBw | RHP+HE | 1230 | 6.5 | [72] | |||
| TC4 | 5% microscale TiBw | RHP+HE+HT | 430HV | 1310 | 1365 | 7.9 | [74] | |
| Ti-6.5Al-2.5Zr-1Mo-1V-0.3Si | Microscale TiBw | RHP+HC | 1015 | 1065 | 11.3 | [64] | ||
| Ti-6.5Al-2.5Zr-1Mo-1V-0.3Si | Microscale TiBw | RHP+HT+HC | 1100 | 1136 | 7.7 | |||
| TA15 | 3.5% microscale TiBw | RHP+HC | 381HV | 1803 | 12.7 | [65] | ||
| TA15 | 3.5% microscale TiBw, 2% submicro-scale (TiZr)5Si3 particles | RHP+HR | 99.4 | 1015 | 1103 | 8.3 | [80] | |
| TA15 | 3.5% microscale TiBw, 2% submicro-scale (TiZr)5Si3 particles | RHP+HR+EBW | 1191 | 4.8 | [80] | |||
| TA15 | 3.5% microscale TiBw, 2% submicro-scale (TiZr)5Si3 particles | RHP+HR+LBW | 1210 | 5.2 | [80] | |||
| Ti | Laminated Ti-TiBw/Ti | RHP+DW | 541 | 630 | 19.0 | [82] | ||
| TC4 | 5% microscale TiBw | HIP | 1063 | 10.1 | [41] | |||
| TC4 | 8.3% microscale TiBw | HIP | 1284 | 6.7 | [41] | |||
| TA15 | 5% nano-scale TiBw | HIP | 100.0 | 894 | 1004 | 13.3 | [43] | |
| TA15-Si | 3.5% micro-nano dual-scale TiBw | HIP | 99.9 | 1036 | 1161 | 6.6 | [44] | |
| TA15-Si | 5.0% micro-nano dual-scale TiBw | HIP | 99.9 | 1059 | 1193 | 2.4 | ||
| Ti | 10.8% microscale TiBw, 2.8% microscale TiCp | SPS+HE | 916 | 1138 | 2.6 | [15] | ||
| TC4 | 1% nano-scale TiN particles | SPS | 99.7 | 430HV | [48] | |||
| TC4 | Microscale TiCp,nano-scale Ti2Cu particles | SPS | 1059 | 1125 | 5.3 | [49] | ||
| TC4 | 1.7% nano-scale TiBw | LPBF | 1361 | 4.0 | [54] | |||
| TC4 | 3+2 laminated TC4-(TiB+TiC)/TC4 | LMD | 386HV | 1021 | 1143 | 5.2 | [6] | |
| TC4 | 1+1 laminated TC4-(TiB+TiC)/TC4 | LMD | 939 | 1.2 | ||||
| TC4 | 2% microscale TiBw | WAAM | 382HV | 1041 | 1623 | 29.3 | [56] | |
| TC4 | 5% microscale TiBw | WAAM | 404HV | 1224 | 1534 | 20.3 | ||
| TC4 | 10% microscale TiBw | WAAM | 434HV | 1456 | 1702 | 19.7 | ||
|
表3 近期研究中非连续增强钛基复合材料的高温力学性能Table 3 List of recent studies of DRTMCs and their high temperature mechanical properties |
| Matrix | Reinforcement | Processing route | Temperature/℃ | UTS/MPa | δ/% | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TC4 | 10% (mass fraction) microscale TiCp | Gas-solid reaction+HIP | 350 | 750 | 4.5 | [22] |
| 500 | 700 | 6.0 | ||||
| 650 | 400 | 8.1 | ||||
| TC4 | 15% (mass fraction) microscale TiCp | Gas-solid reaction+HIP | 350 | 810 | 1.5 | |
| 500 | 720 | 2.8 | ||||
| 650 | 420 | 6.5 | ||||
| Ti | Microscale TiCp and TiBw | MC+HF | 600 | 827.7 | 13.9 | [25] |
| 650 | 718.5 | 24.3 | ||||
| 700 | 550.1 | 41.9 | ||||
| TA15-Si | 3.5% microscale TiBw | RHP | 600 | 612 | [14] | |
| 650 | 535 | |||||
| 700 | 488 | |||||
| TA15-Si | 3.5% microscale TiBw | RHP+HR | 600 | 843 | ||
| 650 | 729 | |||||
| 700 | 595 | |||||
| TA15 | 3.5% microscale TiBw | RHP | 600 | 580 | 9.7 | [16] |
| 650 | 493 | 24.0 | ||||
| 700 | 410 | 11.3 | ||||
| TA15 | 3.5% microscale TiBw | RHP+HF | 600 | 612 | 37.0 | |
| 650 | 437 | 43.0 | ||||
| 700 | 313 | 60.0 | ||||
| TC4 | RHP | 550 | 440 | 12.4 | [34] | |
| 4% submicro-scale Ti5Si3 needles | 636 | 9.7 | ||||
| 1% microscale TiBw, 4% submicro-scale Ti5Si3 needles | 684 | 18.0 | ||||
| 3.4% microscale TiBw, 4% submicro-scale Ti5Si3 needles | 770 | 11.5 | ||||
| TC4 | 3.4% microscale TiBw, 4% submicro-scale Ti5Si3 needles | RHP | 550 | 770 | 11.0 | [36] |
| 600 | 610 | 15.0 | ||||
| 650 | 510 | 14.5 | ||||
| Ti55 | 3% microscale TiBw, 2% submicro-scale (TiZr)5Si3 particles | RHP | 300 | 820 | 13.0 | [39] |
| 500 | 760 | 12.0 | ||||
| 600 | 680 | 15.8 | ||||
| 650 | 610 | 15.0 | ||||
| 700 | 519 | 20.0 | ||||
| TA15 | 2% microscale TiBw | RHP+HR | 600 | 767 | 24.6 | [69] |
| 3.5% microscale TiBw | 811 | 18.5 | ||||
| 5% microscale TiBw | 820 | 20.8 | ||||
| TA15 | 2% microscale TiBw | RHP+HR | 650 | 698 | 42.1 | |
| 3.5% microscale TiBw | 678 | 37.2 | ||||
| 5% microscale TiBw | 682 | 25.8 | ||||
| Ti60 | RHP+HE | 600 | 759 | 16.6 | [70] | |
| 3.4% microscale TiBw | 925 | 15.0 | ||||
| Ti60 | 3.4% microscale TiBw | RHP+HT+HE | 600 | 919 | 14.0 | [71] |
| 700 | 710 | 21.0 | ||||
| 800 | 380 | 29.0 | ||||
| Ti60 | 3.4% microscale TiBw | RHP+HE+HT | 700 | 760 | 15.0 | [73] |
| 750 | 540 | 19.0 | ||||
| 800 | 400 | 17.0 | ||||
| TA15 | 3.5% microscale TiBw, 2% submicro-scale (TiZr)5Si3 particles | RHP+HR+EBW | 600 | 705 | 10.4 | [80] |
| 700 | 455 | 16.6 | ||||
| TA15 | 3.5% microscale TiBw, 2% submicro-scale (TiZr)5Si3 particles | RHP+HR+LBW | 600 | 708 | 13.5 | |
| 700 | 454 | 25.9 | ||||
| TC4 | 5% microscale TiBw | HIP | 500 | 582 | 17.6 | [41] |
| 600 | 397 | 22.7 | ||||
| 700 | 209 | 26.2 | ||||
| TC4 | 8.3% microscale TiBw | HIP | 500 | 656 | 12.2 | |
| 600 | 456 | 17.1 | ||||
| 700 | 241 | 23.4 |
