1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; 2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
Abstract：NiTi-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) are one of the SMAs with most outstanding properties, and have been widely applied in aviation, space, electronics, construction, biomedicine and other fields. In recent years, the elastocaloric refrigeration based on elastocaloric effect (eCE) of NiTi alloys has attracted increasing attentions since their excellent mechanical properties, huge elastocaloric strength and good machinability. However, conventional binary NiTi alloys cannot meet the requirements of long-life service since their large superelastic stress hysteresis and poor cyclic stability of superelasticity and eCE. In this paper, the research progress of eCE for NiTi-based alloys was reviewed. The effect of doping alloying element, thermomechanical treatment and novel processing techniques on eCE of NiTi-based alloys were surnmarized. In addition, the developed elastocaloric devices or prototypes based on NiTi-based alloys were also briefly introduced. However, the current researches on NiTi-based elastocaloric materials and the development of prototypes are still in the experimental stage. To realize their commercial application requires further in-depth research and optimization. In the future, the research priorities for the former will concentrate on material miniaturization, alloying or applying special treatment as well as changing circulation methods and so on. On the other hand, the research priorities for the latter will focus on improving heat transfer efficiency, strengthening heat exchange, reducing friction and other losses, and improving mechanical loadings as well as circulation modes.
[1] MOYA X, KAR-NARAYAN S, MATHUR N D. Caloric materials near ferroic phase transitions[J]. Nature Materials, 2014, 13:439-450. [2] GOETZLER W, ZOGG R, YOUNG J, et al. Energy savings potential and RD&D opportunities for non-vapor-compression HVAC technologies[R]. United States:EERE Publication and Product Library, 2014. [3] BONNOT E, ROMERO R, MAÑOA L et al. Elastocaloric effect associated with the martensitic transition in shape-memory alloys[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2008, 100(12):125901. [4] MANOSA L, JARQUE-FARNOS S, VIVES E, et al. Large temperature span and giant refrigerant capacity in elastocaloric Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloys[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2013, 103:211904. [5] XU S, HUANG H Y, XIE J X, et al. Giant elastocaloric effect covering wide temperature range in columnar-grained Cu71.5Al17.5Mn11shape memory alloy[J]. APL Materials, 2016, 4:106106. [6] CUI J, WU Y M, MUEHLBAUER J, et al. Demonstration of high efficiency elastocaloric cooling with large ΔT using NiTi wires[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2012, 101:073904. [7] ZHU X J, ZHANG X X, QIAN M F, et al. Elastocaloric effects related to B2↔R and B2↔B19' martensite transformations in nanocrystalline Ni50.5Ti49.5 microwires[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compouds, 2019, 792:780-788. [8] CHEN H, XIAO F, LIANG X, et al. Stable and large superelasticity and elastocaloric effect in nanocrystalline Ti-44 Ni-5Cu-1Al (at%) alloy[J]. Acta Materialia, 2018, 158:330-339. [9] NIKITIN S A, MYALIKGULYEV G, ANNAORAZOV M P, et al. Giant elastocaloric effect in FeRh alloy[J]. Physics Letters A, 1992, 171(3/4):234-236. [10] XIAO F, FUKUDA T, KAKESHITA T. Significant elastocaloric effect in a Fe-31.2Pd (at.%) single crystal[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2013, 102:161914. [11] XIAO F, FUKUDA T, KAKESHITA T. Elastocaloric effect by a weak first-order transformation associated with lattice softening in an Fe-31.2Pd (at.%) alloy[J]. Acta Materialia, 2015, 87:8-14. [12] LU B F, XIAO F, YAN A, et al. Elastocaloric effect in a textured polycrystalline Ni-Mn-In-Co metamagnetic shape memory alloy[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2014, 105:161905. [13] XU Y, LU B F, SUN W, et al. Large and reversible elastocaloric effect in dual-phase Ni54Fe19Ga27superelastic alloys[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2015, 106:201903. [14] YANG Z, CONG D Y, HUANG L, et al. Large elastocaloric effect in a Ni-Co-Mn-Sn magnetic shape memory alloy[J]. Materials & Design, 2016, 92:932-936. [15] FRANCO V, BLÁZQUEZ J S, LNGALE B, et al. The magnetocaloric effect and magnetic refrigeration near room temperature:materials and models[J]. Annual Review of Materials Research, 2012, 42:305-342. [16] SMITH A, BAHL C R H, BJØRK R, et al. Materials challenges for high performance magnetocaloric refrigeration devices[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2012, 2(11):1288-1318. [17] VALANT M. Electrocaloric materials for future solid-state refrigeration technologies[J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2012, 57:980-1009. [18] MAÑOSA L, PLANES A. Materials with giant mechanocaloric effects:cooling by strength[J]. Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(11):1603607. [19] CAZORLAR C. Novel mechanocaloric materials for solid-state cooling applications[J]. Applied Physics Review, 2019, 6(4):041316. [20] BUEHLER W J, GILFRICH J V, WILEY R C. Effect of low temperature phase changes on the mechanical properties of alloys near composition TiNi[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1963, 34:1475. [21] ZHANG Y H, MOUMNI Z, ZHU J H, et al. Effect of the amplitude of the training stress on the fatigue lifetime of NiTi shape memory alloys[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2018, 149:66-69. [22] NEMAT-NASSER S, GUO W G. Superelastic and cyclic response of NiTi SMA at various strain rates and temperatures[J]. Mechanics of Materials, 2006, 38(5/6):463-474. [23] 赵连城,蔡伟,郑玉峰. 合金的记忆效应与超弹性[M]. 北京:国防工业出版社,2002. ZHAO L C, CAI W, ZHENG Y F. Shape memory effect and superelasticity in alloys[M]. Beijing:National Defense Industry Press, 2002. [24] WANG X B, VERLINDEN B, VAN HUMBEEK J. R-phase transformation in NiTi alloys[J]. Materials Science and Technology, 2014, 30(13):1517-1529. [25] TUŠEK J, ENGELBRECHT K, MILLÁN-SOLSONA R, et al. The elastocaloric effect:a way to cool efficiently[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2015, 5(13):1500361. [26] SOTO-PARRA D, VIVES E, MAÑOSA L, et al. Elastocaloric effect in Ti-Ni shape-memory wires associated with the B2↔B19' and B2↔R structural transitions[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2016, 108:071902. [27] SCHMIDT M, SCHÜTZE A, SEELECKE S. Elastocaloric cooling processes:the influence of material strain and strain rate on efficiency and temperature span[J]. APL Materials, 2016, 4:064107. [28] PATAKY GARRETT J, ERTEKIN E, SEHITOGLU H. Elastocaloric cooling potential of NiTi, Ni2FeGa and CoNiAl[J]. Acta Materialia, 2015, 96:420-427. [29] WU Y, ERTEKIN E, SEHITOGLU H. Elastocaloric cooling capacity of shape memory alloys-role of deformation temperatures, mechanical cycling, stress hysteresis and inhomogeneity of transformation[J]. Acta Materialia, 2017, 135:158-176. [30] QIAN S X, GENG Y L, WANG Y, et al. A review of elastocaloric cooling:materials, cycles and system integrations[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2016, 64:1-19. [31] PIECZYSKA E A, TOBUSHI H, KULASINSKI K. Development of transformation bands in TiNi SMA for various stress and strain rates studied by a fast and sensitive infrared camera[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2013, 22:035007. [32] VIVES E, BURROWS S, EDWARDS R S, et al. Temperature contour maps at the strain-induced martensitic transition of a Cu-Zn-Al shape-memory single crystal[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2011, 98:011902. [33] OSSMER H, LAMBRECHT F, GÜLTIG M, et al. Evolution of temperature profiles in TiNi films for elastocaloric cooling[J]. Acta Materialia, 2014, 81:9-20. [34] OSSMER H, CHLUBA C, GÜLTIG M, et al. Local evolution of the elastocaloric effect in TiNi-based films[J]. Shape Memory Superelasticity, 2015, 1:142-152. [35] OSSMER H, MIYAZAKI S, KOHL M. The elastocaloric effect in TiNi-based foils[J]. Materials Today:Proceedings, 2015, 2S:S971-S974. [36] DELVILLE R, MALARD B, PILCH J, et al. Transmission electron microscopy investigation of dislocation slip during superelastic cycling of Ni-Ti wires[J]. International Journal of Plasticity, 2011, 27:282-297. [37] ENGELBRECHT K, TUŠEK J, SANNA S, et al. Effects of surface finish and mechanical training on Ni-Ti sheets for elastocaloric cooling[J]. APL Materials, 2016, 4:064110. [38] TUŠEK J, ENGELBRECHT K, MIKKELSEN L P, et al. Elastocaloric effect of Ni-Ti wire for application in a cooling device[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2015, 117:124901. [39] ZHANG X X, QIAN M F, ZHU X J, et al. Elastocaloric effects in ultra-fine grained NiTi microwires processed by cold-drawing[J]. APL Materials, 2018, 6:036102. [40] ZHOU M, LI Y S, ZHANG C, et al. The elastocaloric effect of Ni50.8Ti49.2 shape memory alloys[J]. Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics, 2018, 51:135303. [41] BECHTOLD C, CHLUBA C, LIMA DE MIRANDA R, et al. High cyclic stability of the elastocaloric effect in sputtered TiNiCu shape memory films[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2012, 101:091903. [42] TUŠEK J, ŽEROVNIK A, EBRON M, et al. Elastocaloric effect vs fatigue life:exploring the durability limits of Ni-Ti plates under pre-strain conditions for elastocaloric cooling[J]. Acta Materialia, 2018, 150:295-307. [43] FULANOVIC' L, KORUZA J, NOVAK N, et al. Fatigue-less electrocaloric effect in relaxor Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 multilayer elements[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2017, 37(15):5105-5108. [44] KITANOVSKI A, TUSEK J, TOMC U, et al. Magnetocaloric energy conversion:from theory to applications[M]//Magnetocaloric Energy Conversion:From Theory to Applications. Switerland:Springer International Publishing, 2015. [45] LIANG X, XIAO F, JIN M J, et al. Elastocaloric effect induced by the rubber-like behavior of nanocrystalline wires of a Ti-50.8 Ni (at.%) alloy[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2017, 134:42-46. [46] ZHU X J, ZHANG X X, QIAN M F. Reversible elastocaloric effects with small hysteresis in nanocrystalline Ni-Ti microwires[J]. AIP Advances, 2018, 8(12):125002. [47] CHEN H, XIAO F, LIANG X, et al. Improvement of the stability of superelasticity and elastocaloric effect of a Ni-rich Ti-Ni alloy by precipitation and grain refinement[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2019, 162:230-234. [48] TANG Z, WANG Y, LIAO X Q, et al. Stress dependent transforming behaviors and associated functional properties of a nano-precipitates induced strain glass alloy[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2015, 622:622-627. [49] FRENZEL J, EGGELER G, QUANDT E, et al. High-performance elastocaloric materials for the engineering of bulk- and micro-cooling devices[J].MRS Bulletin,2018,43(4):280-284. [50] FRENZEL J, WIECZOREK A, OPAHLE I, et al. On the effect of alloy composition on martensite start temperatures and latent heats in Ni-Ti-based shape memory alloys[J]. Acta Materialia, 2015, 90:213-231. [51] NⅡTSU K, KIMURA Y, XU X, et al. Composition dependences of entropy change and transformation temperatures in Ni-rich Ti-Ni system[J]. Shape Memory and Superelasticity, 2015, 1:124-131. [52] KIM Y, JO M, PARK J, et al. Elastocaloric effect in polycrystalline Ni50Ti45.3V4.7shape memory alloy[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2018, 144:48-51. [53] SCHMIDT M, ULLRICH J, WIECZOREK A, et al. Thermal stabilization of NiTiCuV shape memory alloys:observations during elastocaloric training[J]. Shape Memory and Superelasticity, 2015, 1:132-141. [54] ZARNETTA R, TAKAHASHI R, YOUNG M L, et al. Identification of quaternary shape memory alloys with near-zero thermal hysteresis and unprecedented functional stability[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2010, 20:1917-1923. [55] CHLUBA C, OSSMER H, ZAMPONI C, et al. Ultra-low fatigue quaternary TiNi-based films for elastocaloric cooling[J]. Shape Memory and Superelasticity, 2016, 2:95-103. [56] OSSMER H, CHLUBA C, KAUFFMANN-WEISS S, et al. TiNi-based films for elastocaloric microcooling - fatigue life and device performance[J]. APL Materials, 2016, 4:064102. [57] WELSCH F, ULLRICH J, OSSMER H. Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of the elastocaloric cooling effect in sputter-deposited TiNiCuCo thin films[J]. Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, 2018, 30(1):53-68. [58] WENDLER F, OSSMER H, CHLUBA C, et al. Mesoscale simulation of elastocaloric cooling in SMA films[J]. Acta Materialia, 2017, 136:105-117. [59] AALTIO I, FUKUDA T, KAKESHITA T. Elastocaloric cooling and heating using R-phase transformation in hot rolled Ni-Ti-Fe shape memory alloys with 2 and 4 at% Fe content[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 780:930-936. [60] HOU H L, SIMSEK E, STASAK D, et al. Elastocaloric cooling of additive manufactured shape memory alloys with large latent heat[J]. Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics, 2017, 50404001. [61] HOU H L, SIMEK E, MA T, et al. Fatigue-resistant high-performance elastocaloric materials made by additive manufacturing[J]. Science, 2019, 366(6469):1116-1121. [62] XIAO F, FUKUDA T, KAKESHITA T. Inverse elastocaloric effect in a Ti-Ni alloy containing aligned coherent particles of Ti3Ni4[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2016, 124:133-137. [63] XIAO F, LIANG X, CHEN H, et al. Orientation dependence of elastocaloric effect in an aged Ni-rich Ti-Ni alloy[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2019, 168:86-90. [64] WAN X M, FENG Y, XIN X X, et al. Large superelastic recovery and elastocaloric effect in as-deposited additive manufactured Ni50.8Ti49.2 alloy[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2019,114:221903. [65] AHADI A, KAWASAKI T, HARJO S, et al. Elastocaloric effect at ultra-low temperatures in nanocrystalline shape memory alloys[J]. Acta Materialia, 2019, 165:109-117. [66] NⅡTSU K, KIMURA Y, OMORI T, et al. Cryogenic superelasticity with large elastocaloric effect[J]. NPG Asia Materials, 2018, 10(1):457. [67] SAYLOR A. 2012 ARPA-E summit technology showcase[EB/OL]. (2012-02-28)[2017-02-01]. http://www.nergy.gov/articles/2012-arpa-e-summit-technology-showcase. [68] HOU H L, CUI J, QIAN S X, et al. Overcoming fatigue through compression for advanced elastocaloric cooling[J]. MRS Bulletin, 2018, 43(4):285-290. [69] QIAN S X, WANG Y, GENG Y L, et al. Experimental evaluation of a compressive elastocaloric cooling system[C]//16th International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conforence. Purdue,America:Purdue University, 2016. [70] QIAN S X, GENG Y I, WANG Y, et al. Design of a hydraulically driven compressive elastocaloric cooling system[J]. Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2016, 22:500-506. [71] SCHMIDT M, SCHÜTZE A, SEELECKE S. Scientific test setup for investigation of shape memory alloy based elastocaloric cooling processes[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2015, 54:88-97. [72] OSSMER H, MIYAZAKI S, KOHL M. Elastocaloric heat pumping using a shape memory alloy foil device[C]//TRANSDUCERS-2015 18th International Conference on Solid-state Sensors, Actuators and Microsystem. New York:IEEE, 2015:726-729. [73] OSSMER H, WENDLER F, GUELTIG M, et al. Energy-efficient miniature-scale heat pumping based on shape memory alloys[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2016, 25:085037. [74] BRUEDERLIN F, OSSMER H, WENDLER F, et al. SMA foil-based elastocaloric cooling:from material behavior to device engineering[J]. Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics, 2017, 50:424003. [75] BRUEDERLIN F, BUMKE L, CHLUBA C, et al. Elastocaloric cooling on the miniature scale:a review on materials and device engineering[J]. Energy Technology, 2018, 6:1588-1604. [76] TUŠEK J, ENGELBRECHT K, ERIKSEN D, et al. A regenerative elastocaloric heat pump[J]. Nature Energy, 2016, 1:16134. [77] ENGELBRECHT K, TUŠEK J, ERIKSEN D, et al. A regenerative elastocaloric device:experimental results[J]. Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics, 2017, 50:424006. [78] KIRSCH S M, WELSCH F, MICHAELIS N, et al. NiTi-based elastocaloric cooling on the macroscale-from basic concepts to realization[J]. Energy Technology, 2018, 6(8):1567-1587.
2021, Vol. 49 
