高韧性三元层状陶瓷: 从MAX相到MAB相

doi:10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2020.001171

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摘要

三元层状化合物MAX相和新近引起人们注意的MAB相以其兼具陶瓷和金属的共同特性成为结构陶瓷领域20余年的研究热点，而高损伤容限和高断裂韧度是其区别于传统陶瓷的本质特征。本文简要回顾了MAX相的整体发展脉络和MAB相的最新研究进展，重点分析了纳米层状结构对宏观力学行为的影响及其内在机制。基于第一性原理计算结果建立的键刚度模型在实现对化学键强度的定量表征基础上，更重要的是阐明了"足够"弱的层间结合是三元层状陶瓷表现出非凡力学性能的根本原因。而Fe₂AlB₂在室温附近所出现的磁热效应（MCE）则显示了MAB相化合物在功能领域的良好应用前景。经过20余年的持续研究，MAX相化合物的结构和性能逐渐变得清晰，目前针对具体场景的应用研究在世界各地蓬勃开展起来。然而，目前对MAB相化合物的认识还很有限。因此，合成和表征现有已知MAB相化合物的结构、力学性能、物理性能以及基于应用背景的使役行为是现阶段的重要任务。其中，基于密度泛函理论（DFT）的第一性原理数值模拟可扮演重要角色，正如其在理解MAX相化合物的非凡性能和发现新型化合物时所起的重要作用一样。

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	柏跃磊
	尹航
	宋广平
	赫晓东
	齐欣欣
	高进
	郝兵兵
	张金泽

关键词 ： MAX相, MAB相, 层状结构, 损伤容限, 键刚度模型, 磁制冷, Fe₂AlB₂

Abstract：

The MAX phase of the ternary layered compound and the recently attracted attention of the MAB phase have become the research hotspots in the field of structural ceramics for more than 20 years because of their common characteristics of ceramics and metals. The high damage tolerance and high fracture toughness are different from the essential characteristics of traditional ceramics. The overall development of MAX phase and the latest research progress of MAB phase were briefly reviewed in this article, focusing on the analysis of the effect of multi-scale layered structure on macro-mechanical behavior and its internal mechanism. Based on the results of first-principles calculations, the bond stiffness model was established and the quantitative characterization of chemical bond strength was realized, and more importantly, it was clarified that "sufficiently" weak interlayer bonding is the root cause for the extraordinary mechanical properties of ternary layered ceramics. The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of Fe₂AlB₂ near room temperature shows the good application prospects of MAB phase compounds in the functional field. After more than 20 years of continuous research, the structure and performance of MAX-phase compounds have gradually become clear. At present, application research for specific scenarios is vigorously carried out all over the world. However, the current knowledge of MAB phase compounds is still very limited. Therefore, synthesizing and characterizing the structure, mechanical properties, physical properties, and service behaviour of existing MAB phase compounds are the important tasks at this stage. First-principles numerical simulation based on density functional theory (DFT) can play an important role, just as in understanding the extraordinary properties of MAX phase compounds and discovering new compounds.

Key words： MAX phase MAB phase layered structure damage tolerance model of bond stiffness magnetic refrigeration Fe₂AlB₂

收稿日期: 2020-12-19 出版日期: 2021-05-21

中图分类号:

TB321

基金资助:国家自然科学基金面上项目(51972080);深圳市科技计划资助项目(KQTD2016112814303055)

通讯作者: 柏跃磊 E-mail: baiyl@hit.edu.cn

作者简介: 柏跃磊(1983-), 男, 教授, 博士生导师, 研究方向: 三元层状陶瓷、计算材料科学/多尺度物理力学、热防护材料与系统, 联系地址: 黑龙江省哈尔滨市南岗区一匡街2号哈工大科学园B1栋411室(150080), baiyl@hit.edu.cn

引用本文:

柏跃磊, 尹航, 宋广平, 赫晓东, 齐欣欣, 高进, 郝兵兵, 张金泽. 高韧性三元层状陶瓷: 从MAX相到MAB相[J]. 材料工程, 2021, 49(5): 1-23.
Yue-lei BAI, Hang YIN, Guang-ping SONG, Xiao-dong HE, Xin-xin QI, Jin GAO, Bing-bing HAO, Jin-ze ZHANG. High-fracture-toughness ternary layered ceramics: from the MAX to MAB phases. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2021, 49(5): 1-23.

链接本文:

http://jme.biam.ac.cn/CN/10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2020.001171 或 http://jme.biam.ac.cn/CN/Y2021/V49/I5/1

Fig.1 MAX相的晶体结构图^[20] (a)211；(b)312;(c)413

Table 1 MAX相的原子位置和内坐标

Fig.2 Ti₄GaC₃多形体之间的相变能垒^[72](TS_a-b，TS_a-c和TS_b-c分别对应α-β，α-γ和β-γ相变的过渡态)

Fig.3 Ti₂AlC的断口形貌^[81] (a)断口全貌；(b)晶粒弯曲和扭折；(c)层间分层；(d)图(c)的放大图

Fig.4 粗晶和细晶Ti₃SiC₂的裂纹扩展阻力随裂纹生长的演化曲线(a)^[87]和晶粒尺寸对断裂韧度的影响(b)^[83]

Fig.5 MAX相的损伤容限 (a)Ti₃SiC₂，Ti₃GeC₂和Ti₃Si_0.5Ge_0.5C₂经维氏压痕测试后的四点弯曲强度^[88]；(b)46 μm Ti₃GeC₂试样的组织结构；(c)7 μm Ti₃Si_0.5Ge_0.5C₂试样的组织结构；(d)块体Ti₂AlC经铁锤反复敲打后的表面形貌^[83]

Fig.6 M₂AlC(a)，M₃AlC₂(b)和M₄AlC₃(c)在0 GPa时的化学键刚度^[20]

Fig.7 M₂AlC(a)，M₃AlC₂(b)和M₄AlC₃(c)的体积模量和总化学键刚度的关系^[20]

Compound	The weakest bond (stiffness/GPa)	The strongest bond (stiffness/GPa)	k_min/k_max	Fracture toughness/ (MPa·m^1/2)	Indentation cracks
Ti₂AlC	Ti—Al(375)^[20]	Ti—C(741)^[20]	0.505	6.5^[89]	No^[89]
Zr₂AlC	Zr—Al(342)^[20]	Zr—C(704)^[20]	0.488	-	No^[90]
Hf₂AlC	Hf—Al(372)^[20]	Hf—C(806)^[20]	0.465	-	-
V₂AlC	V—Al(472)^[20]	V—C(901)^[20]	0.528	5.7±0.2^[91]	No^[91]
Nb₂AlC	Nb—Al(461)^[20]	Nb—C(917)^[20]	0.505	5.9±0.3^[92]	No^[92]
Ta₂AlC	Ta—Al(518)^[20]	Ta—C(1139)^[20]	0.456	7.7±0.2^[93]	No^[93]
Cr₂AlC	Cr—Al(495)^[20]	Cr—C(1020)^[20]	0.485	6.22±0.26^[94]	No^[94]
Ti₂SC	Ti—S(578)	Ti—C(752)	0.769	5.0±1.0^[95]	Yes^[95]
Ti₃AlC₂	Ti1—Al(366)^[20]	Ti1—C(870)^[20]	0.417	7.2^[96]	No^[96]
Zr₃AlC₂	Zr1—Al(352)^[20]	Zr1—C(840)^[20]	0.416	-	-
Hf₃AlC₂	Hf1—Al(362)^[20]	Hf1—C(980)^[20]	0.368	-	-
Ta₃AlC₂	Ta1—Al(500)^[20]	Ta1—C(1388)^[20]	0.358	-	-
V₄AlC₃	V1—Al(450)^[20]	V1—C1(1075)^[20]	0.417	-	No^[97]
Nb₄AlC₃	Nb1—Al(436)^[20]	Nb1—C1(1031)^[20]	0.422	7.1±0.3^[98]	No^[98]
Ta₄AlC₃	Ta1—Al(500)^[20]	Ta1—C1(1220)^[20]	0.471	7.7±0.5^[99]	No^[99]
Ti₄GaC₃	Ti1—Ga(375)^[72]	Ti1—C1(952)^[72]	0.489	-	-
Zr₂Al₃C₄	Al1—C4(505)^[100]	Zr1—C2(893)^[100]	0.611	4.2±0.52^[101]	Yes
Zr₃Al₃C₅	Al1—C3(714)^[100]	Zr1—C2(893)^[100]	0.563	4.68±0.74^[102]	Yes
Zr₂Al₄C₅	C4—C5(535)^[100]	Zr1—C1(807)^[100]	0.663	4.64±0.64^[103]	Yes
Zr₃Al₄C₆	C4—C5(535)^[100]	Zr1—C1(807)^[100]	0.663	-	-
Hf₂Al₃C₄	Al2—C1(465)^[17]	Hf—C3(840)^[17]	0.554	-	-
Hf₃Al₃C₅	Al2—C1(461)^[17]	Hf1—C3(909)^[17]	0.507	-	-
Hf₂Al₄C₅	Al2—C3(498)^[17]	Hf2—C4(806)^[17]	0.618	-	-
Hf₃Al₄C₆	Al3—C2(478)^[17]	Hf3—C1(806)^[17]	0.593	-	-
MoAlB	Al—Al(526)^[19]	B—B(1205)^[19]	0.437	4.3±0.1^[104]	No^[11]
Cr₂AlB₂	Al—B(571)/Cr-Al(617)^[105]	Cr—B2(1149)^[105]	0.497/0.537	-	-
Cr₃AlB₄	Al—B1(581)/Cr1-Al(610)^[105]	Cr1—B2(1075)^[105]	0.540/0.567	-	-
Cr₄AlB₆	Al—B1(595)/Cr1-Al(599)^[105]	Cr1—B2(1099)^[105]	0.541/0.545	-	-
Cr₄AlB₄	Al—B1(574)/Cr1-Al(625)^[106]	Cr1—B2(1190)^[106]	0.482/0.525	-	-

Table 2 部分典型三元层状化合物的化学键刚度、断裂韧度和维氏压痕

Fig.8 MAX相的维氏压痕与最弱和最强化学键的相应刚度比值k_min/k_max (a)Ti₂SC^[95]；(b)Ti₂AlC^[107]

Fig.9 (HfC)_nAl₃C₂和(HfC)_nAl₄C₃的晶体结构^[17]

Table 3 典型二元硼化物材料性能^[113]

Fig.10 MAB相的晶体结构

Fig.11 MAB相的透射电镜照片 (a) Fe₂AlB₂单晶[101]方向扫描透射电镜图^[115]；(b)图(a)相应的能谱图^[115]；(c)沿[100]和[001]方向带有倾斜边界缺陷的Cr₂AlB₂晶粒透射电镜图像^[118]；(d)NaOH处理后MoAlB晶体透射电镜图^[116]; (e)Cr₃AlB₄晶粒透射电镜图像，白色箭头为堆垛层错^[117]

Fig.12 MAB相的多尺度层状结构 (a)MoAlB透射电镜图像^[11]；(b)MoAlB二次电子SEM图像^[11]；(c)MoAlB晶粒的高倍SEM照片^[11]；(d)Cr₂AlB₂晶粒分层^[123]；(e)Fe₂AlB₂晶粒分层^[123]

Fig.13 MAB相单晶形貌^[6]
(a)MoAlB；(b)Mn₂AlB₂; (c)Fe₂AlB₂; (d)WAlB; (e)Cr₂AlB₂; (f)Cr₃AlB₄; (g)Cr₄AlB₆

Table 4 部分典型MAB相材料的制备工艺

Table 5 部分典型MAB相块体的力学性能

Fig.14 MoAlB(a)^[11]和Fe₂AlB₂(b)^[12]的维氏压痕

Fig.15 采用SENB法测定Fe₂AlB₂断裂韧度的载荷-位移曲线^[12]

Table 6 Fe₂AlB₂和常见磁制冷材料磁热特性参数^{[10, 140, 149-151]}

Fig.16 反应热压合成Fe₂AlB₂的磁性能^[140] (a)磁矩随温度的变化曲线(施加磁场为5 mT), 顶部插图是2 K时的磁滞回线，底部插图是磁矩随温度曲线的一阶导数；(b)265~325 K温度区间的等温M-H曲线；(c)接近居里温度T_C的Arrott曲线族；(d)在2~5 T区间内的磁熵变

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