锂离子电池厚电极结构设计的研究进展

doi:10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2021.001086

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摘要

为了满足储能系统和电动汽车市场对于高能量密度和快充的需求，兼具高能量和高功率密度的锂离子电池得到了广泛的关注。厚电极结构设计能够显著提高电池的能量密度并降低成本，且能与各种电极材料相兼容，是发展高能量密度锂离子电池的研究热点之一。厚电极通常面临着力学性能差和反应动力学慢等问题，因此构建力学性能良好和完善的锂离子及电子传输网络的厚电极至关重要。本文首先分析了厚电极的电化学特性和关键科学问题，然后梳理了目前构建厚电极的各种策略及其优势，最后探讨了厚电极的设计原则和发展方向。

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	何仁杰
	李书萍
	王许敏
	余创
	程时杰
	谢佳

关键词 ：锂离子电池, 厚电极, 高能量密度, 高功率密度, 迂曲度

Abstract：

To meet the requirements of high energy density and fast charge for energy storage systems and electric vehicles, the high-energy and high-power density lithium-ion batteries have attracted numerous attentions.Designing thick-electrode can significantly increase energy density and reduce cost, and is also compatible with various electrode materials, which makes it one of hottest researches for the development of high-energy density lithium-ion batteries.Thick electrodes usually suffer from poor mechanical properties and sluggish reaction kinetics. Therefore, it is very important to construct a thick electrode with good mechanical properties and fast transport network for lithium ion and electron.The electrochemical behavior and key scientific issues of thick electrodes were firstly analyzed in this review, the current strategies for constructing thick electrodes and their advantages were then introduced, and finally the design principles and the development direction of thick electrodes were pointed out.

Key words： lithium ion battery thick electrode high-energy density high-power density tortuosity

收稿日期: 2021-11-08 出版日期: 2022-10-24

中图分类号:

TM910.3

基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(U1966214)

通讯作者: 谢佳 E-mail: xiejia@hust.edu.cn

作者简介: 谢佳(1981—), 男, 博士生导师, 博士, 研究方向包括动力电池及其关键材料、电池设计及电池工艺、能源存储与转换技术、面向电网的大规模电化学储能技术及新能源汽车技术等, 联系地址: 湖北省武汉市洪山区珞喻路1037号华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院(430074), E-mail: xiejia@hust.edu.cn

引用本文:

何仁杰, 李书萍, 王许敏, 余创, 程时杰, 谢佳. 锂离子电池厚电极结构设计的研究进展[J]. 材料工程, 2022, 50(10): 38-54.
Renjie HE, Shuping LI, Xumin WANG, Chuang YU, Shijie CHENG, Jia XIE. Research progress of lithium-ion batteries thick-electrode architectural design. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2022, 50(10): 38-54.

链接本文:

http://jme.biam.ac.cn/CN/10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2021.001086 或 http://jme.biam.ac.cn/CN/Y2022/V50/I10/38

Fig.1 厚电极的科学挑战
(a)传统薄电极与厚电极的电池构型示意图^[4]；(b)厚电极的挑战^[4]；(c)厚电极多时间和空间尺度下的电化学科学问题^[29]；(d)多孔电极中各种内阻的示意图以及R_ion和R_ct随着厚度的变化^[29]

Fig.2 磁模板法厚电极的制备与性能
(a)超顺磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒附着的尼龙棒(上)、磁性液滴(下)作为牺牲相制备的低迂曲度厚电极^[48]；(b)磁性液滴作为牺牲相制备的310 μm厚电极倍率图^[48]；(c)Fe₃O₄磁性纳米颗粒辅助制备低迂曲度石墨电极^[17]；(d)低迂曲度石墨电极和普通石墨电极的倍率图^[17]

Fig.3 冰模板法厚电极的制备与性能
(a)四种电极类型示意图^[51]；(b)不同工艺电极的倍率性能图^[51]；(c)基于冰模板法和传统电极的SEM图^[18]；(d)冰模板法和传统电极的倍率性能图^[18]

Fig.4 盐模板法厚电极的制备与性能
(a)盐模板法制备电极的流程图^[57]；(b)不同含量NaCl的盐模板电极倍率图^[57]；(c)火花等离子烧结的盐模板自支撑电极制备流程的显微示意图^[19]；(d)厚电极LTO//LFP全电池循环曲线^[19]

Table 1 模板法厚电极电池的性能总结

Fig.5 激光刻蚀厚电极的形貌与性能
(a)激光刻蚀的格子型电极显微形貌^[61]；(b)传统电极与平行沟壑状激光结构显微示意图^[63]；(c)不同结构电极的倍率图^[61]；(d)高孔隙率下各种厚度电极的倍率图^[63]

Fig.6 3D打印厚电极的制备与性能
(a)叉指式3D结构制备示意图^[68]；(b)8层电极全电池不同倍率的放电曲线图^[68]；(c)rGO-AgNWs-LTO 3D结构制备流程图^[72]；(d)rGO-AgNWs-LTO和rGO-LTO倍率循环图^[72]

Fig.7 一维材料构建的三维集流体厚电极
(a)SEA制备流程图^[76]；(b)h-nanonat电极与传统电极的倍率图^[76]；(c)纳米纸电极制备流程图^[77]；(d)纳米纸电极与传统电极倍率性能图^[77]

Fig.8 二维材料构建的三维集流体厚电极
(a)HGF/Nb₂O₅复合电极制备流程图^[26]；(b)不同刻蚀时间的HGF/Nb₂O₅电极倍率性能图^[26]；(c)不同HGF/Nb₂O₅电极刻蚀时间的充放电曲线^[26]；(d)不同梯度的RGO/TiO₂(B)功能层级电极图^[80]；(e)up-graded电极(蓝色)、homogeneous电极(红色)和down-graded电极(绿色)的倍率性能^[80]

Fig.9 天然木材电极的制备与性能
(a)LFP-CF及传统电极显微结构示意图^[27]；(b)不同电流密度下的面积容量曲线^[27]；(c)LCO-CF显微示意图^[84]；(d)LCO-CF截面SEM图^[83]；(e)LCO-CF电极的锂离子传输模型图^[83]；(f)不同电极的倍率图^[83]

Table 2 自支撑结构厚电极电池的性能总结

Fig.10 发泡剂电极的制备与性能^[28]
(a)发泡剂制备的电极流程图；(b)发泡剂电极表面显微结构示意图；(c)，(d)未辊压的和辊压过的发泡电极截面显微结构示意图；(e)传统电极与发泡剂电极的倍率比较；(f)30 mg·cm^-2载量下的不同电极结构的倍率比较；(g)放电深度为20%的辊压电极过电位图

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