1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China 2 Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200436, China
Research progress of microwave curing on epoxy resin and its composites was summarized on the basis of introducing the principle of microwave curing technology and its advantages. The paper focused on the effect of microwave curing on the curing rate of epoxy resin and its composites as well as the mechanical and thermal properties of cured products. Two suitable composite systems for wave curing of powder-strengthened epoxy and fiber-strengthened epoxy and a few key technological problems for industrial application are introduced. The application prospect of microwave curing on epoxy resin and its composites was also presented.
YI X S , ZHANG M , AN X F , et al. Development and application of advanced aeronautical polymer matrix composites[J]. Engineering Plastics Application, 2009, 37 (10): 72- 78.
CHU L , ZHAO X L , WANG L J . Current status of curing technology for polymer matrix composite[J]. Chemical Equipment Technology, 2013, 34 (1): 43- 48.
SUN X F , MA S N , ZHU N S , et al. Study on microwave curing for epoxy resin adhesives[J]. Chinese Journal of Construction Machinery, 2010, 8 (1): 107- 110.
5
BOEY F Y C , YAP B H . Microwave curing of an epoxy-amine system:effect of curing agent on the glass-transition temperature[J]. Polymer Testing, 2001, 20 (8): 837- 845.
doi: 10.1016/S0142-9418(00)00070-2
LIU X Q , WANG Y S . Microwave cure of epoxy resin (E44/DDM) and study on properties of thermal and expansion[J]. Polymer Materials Science & Engineering, 2004, 20 (3): 111- 113.
SUN T , CHANG X L , LAI J W , et al. Comparison of curing behaviors and mechanical properties of epoxy resin system in different curing approaches[J]. Journal of Solid Rocket Technology, 2012, 35 (5): 679- 682.
8
ALAZARD P , PALUMBO M , GOURDENNE A . Curing under continuous microwave (2450MHz) of thermosetting epoxy prepolymers:final statement[J]. Macromolecular Symposia, 2003, 199, 59- 72.
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1521-3900
GU X Y , ZHANG J Y . Non-thermal effect of microwave radiation on curing of epoxy resin[J]. Polymer Materials Science & Engineering, 2006, 22 (3): 183- 186.
10
MARAND E , BAKER K R , GRAYBEAL J D . Comparison of reaction-mechanisms of epoxy-resins undergoing thermal and microwave cure from in situ measurements of microwave dielectric-properties and infrared-spectroscopy[J]. Macromolecules, 1992, 25 (8): 2243- 2252.
doi: 10.1021/ma00034a028
11
WEI J H , HAWLEY M C , DELONG J D , et al. Comparison of microwave and thermal cure of epoxy resins[J]. Polymer Engineering and Science, 1993, 33 (17): 1132- 1140.
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1548-2634
12
JORDAN C , GALY J , PASCAULT J P , et al. Comparison of microwave and thermal cure of an epoxy/amine matrix[J]. Polymer Engineering and Science, 1995, 35 (3): 233- 239.
doi: 10.1002/pen.760350303
13
BAI S L , DJAFARI V , ANDREANI M , et al. A comparative study of the mechanical behavior of an epoxy resin cured by microwaves with on cured thermally[J]. European Polymer Journal, 1995, 31 (9): 875- 884.
doi: 10.1016/0014-3057(95)00042-9
14
YARLAGADDA K D V P , HSU S H . Experimental studies on comparison of microwave curing and thermal curing of epoxy resins used for alternative mould materials[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2004, 155 (1-3): 1532- 1538.
WU K , ZHANG W , ZENG J F . Study on microwave cured epoxy/anhydride resin[J]. Journal of Solid Rocket Technology, 2002, 25 (2): 74- 76.
18
ZHOU J , SHI C , MEI B C , et al. Research on the technology and the mechanical properties of the microwave processing of polymer[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2003, 137 (1-3): 156- 158.
doi: 10.1016/S0924-0136(02)01082-8
19
TANRATTANAKUL V , SAETIAW K . Comparison of microwave and thermal cure of epoxy-anhydride resins:mechanical properties and dynamic characteristics[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2005, 97 (4): 1442- 1461.
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4628
ZHONG F C , HE J P , WANG X C , et al. Structure and properties of epoxy foams prepared by microwave irradiation[J]. Materials Review, 2006, 20 (8): 149- 151.
GENG J , LI Y , CHEN Y L , et al. Study on curing behavior of epoxy polymide microwave curing system[J]. Fiber Reinforced Plastics/Composites, 2013, 5, 7- 13.
22
NAVABPOUR P , NESBITT A , MANN T , et al. Comparison of the curing kinetics of a DGEBA/acid anhydride epoxy resin system using differential scanning calorimetry and a microwave-heated calorimeter[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2007, 104 (3): 2054- 2063.
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4628
23
WALLANCE M , ATTWOOD D , DAY R , et al. Investigation of the microwave curing of the PR500 epoxy resin system[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2006, 41 (18): 5862- 5869.
doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0321-3
24
SACCONE G , AMENDOLA E , ACIERNO D . Conventional and microwave curing process of epoxy systems:kinetic analysis and characterization[J]. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2009, 51 (11): 2777- 2783.
doi: 10.1002/mop.v51:11
25
MIJOVIC J , WIJAYA J . Comparative calorimetric study of epoxy cure by microwave vs thermal energy[J]. Macromolecules, 1990, 23 (15): 3671- 3674.
doi: 10.1021/ma00217a021
26
MIJOVIC J , CORSO W V , NICOLAIS L , et al. In-situ real-time study of crosslinking kinetics in thermal and microwave fields[J]. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 1998, 9 (4): 231- 243.
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1581
27
NAVABPOUR P , NESBITT A , DEGAMBER B , et al. Comparison of the curing kinetics of the RTM6 epoxy resin system using differential scanning calorimetry and a microwave-heated calorimeter[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006, 99 (6): 3658- 3668.
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4628
28
HILL D J T , GEORGE G A , ROGERS D G . A systematic study of the microwave and thermal cure kinetics of the DGEBA/DDS and DGEBA/DDM epoxy-amine resin systems[J]. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2002, 13 (5): 353- 362.
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1581
29
ZONG L , KEMPEL L C , HAWLEY M C . Dielectric studies of three epoxy resin systems during microwave cure[J]. Polymer, 2005, 46 (8): 2638- 2645.
doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.01.083
30
NADIR B , ALBERT G . Microwave curing of epoxy resins with diaminodiphenylmethane-IV. average electrical power and pulse length dependence in pulsed irradiation[J]. European Polymer Journal, 1988, 24 (3): 265- 270.
doi: 10.1016/0014-3057(88)90220-0
31
FU B , HAWLEY M C . Comparative study of continuous-power and pulsed-power microwave curing of epoxy resins[J]. Polymer Engineering and Science, 2000, 40 (10): 2133- 2143.
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1548-2634
32
RAO S , RAO R . Cure studies on bifunctional epoxy matrices using a domestic microwave oven[J]. Polymer Testing, 2008, 27 (5): 645- 652.
doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2008.04.005
33
THOSTENSON E T , CHOU T W . Microwave processing fundamentals and applications[J]. Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing, 1999, 30 (9): 1055- 1071.
doi: 10.1016/S1359-835X(99)00020-2
ZHANG Z H , LIU G , ZHANG H , et al. Influence of nano-alumina particles on glass transition temperature of high-performance epoxy resin[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2014, (9): 190- 195.
35
GOURDENNE A . Interactions between microwaves and model composite materials[J]. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, 1992, 66, 430- 431.
36
YARLAGADDA P K D V . Study on microwave dielectric properties of epoxy resin mixtures used for rapid product development[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2001, 14 (1): 1- 12.
OU Z W , BAI M , CHEN Y , et al. Role of silver nanoparticles in toughening modification of epoxy resin and microwave curing performance[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2012, 41 (4): 649- 652.
SUN X F , MA S N , ZHU N S , et al. Effect of nanometer microwave-absorber on microwave curing properties of modified epoxy adhesive[J]. Journal of Zhengzhou University (Engineering Science), 2008, 29 (4): 14- 16.
39
ZHOU S J, HAWLEY M C.A study of effect of conducting additives on microwave heating and curing rates of epoxy[A].Proceedings to the 46th International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition[C].Long Beach, USA:Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering, 2001.
40
RANGARI V K , BHUYAN M S , JEELANI S . Microwave curing of CNFs/EPON-862 nanocomposites and their thermal and mechanical properties[J]. Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2011, 42 (7): 849- 858.
doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.03.014
41
RANGARI V K , BHUYAN M S , JEELANI S . Microwave processing and characterization of EPON 862/CNT nanocomposites[J]. Materials Science and Engineering B:Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology, 2010, 168 (1-3): 117- 121.
doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2010.01.013
42
FOTIOU I , BALTOPOULOS A , VAVOULIOTIS A , et al. Microwave curing of epoxy polymers reinforced with carbon nanotubes[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2013, 129 (5): 2754- 2764.
doi: 10.1002/app.39003
43
ZHOU S, WOOD A, BOYAPATI K, et al.Epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites synthesized with thermal and microwave methods[A].Proceedings to Global Plastics Environmental Conference 2004-Plastics:Helping Grow a Greener Environment[C]. Connet-ticut, USA:Society of Plastics Engineers, 2004.
44
UYANIK N , RIZA E A , FATIH C M , et al. Epoxy nanocomposites curing by microwaves[J]. Polymer Engineering and Science, 2006, 46 (8): 1104- 1110.
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1548-2634
45
CHAOWASAKOO T , SOMBATSOMPOP N . Mechanical and morphological properties of fly ash/epoxy composites using conventional thermal and microwave curing methods[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2007, 67 (11-12): 2282- 2291.
doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.01.016
LIU X Q , WANG Y S . Epoxy resin/silicon dioxide composite cured by microwave and its properties[J]. Thermosetting Resin, 2003, 18 (2): 8- 11.
47
LEE W I , SPRINGER G S . Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with organic matrix composites[J]. Journal of Composite Materials, 1984, 18 (4): 357- 386.
doi: 10.1177/002199838401800404
48
HO Y S , SCHOENA P . The permittivity at X-band frequencies of nickel-coated graphite fibers in an epoxy matrix[J]. Journal of Materials Research, 1994, 9 (1): 246- 251.
doi: 10.1557/JMR.1994.0246
49
DUBKOVA V I , BORDUSOV S V , DOSTANKO A P , et al. Investigation of the effect of a microwave field on the curing process and properties of epoxy compositions[J]. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics, 1997, 70 (6): 977- 982.
50
THOSTENSON E T , CHOU T W . Microwave and conventional curing of thick-section thermoset composite laminates:experiment and simulation[J]. Polymer Composites, 2001, 22 (2): 197- 212.
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1548-0569
51
YUE C Y , LOOI H C . Influence of thermal and microwave processing on the mechanical and interfacial properties of a glass/epoxy composite[J]. Composites, 1995, 26 (11): 767- 773.
doi: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)98197-S
52
BOEY F Y C , LEE T H . Electromagnetic radiation curing of an epoxy/fibre glass reinforced composite[J]. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 1991, 38 (4): 419- 423.
53
BAI S L , DJAFARI V . Interfacial properties of microwave cured composites[J]. Composites, 1995, 26 (9): 645- 651.
doi: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)98913-6
54
RAO R M V G K , RAO S , SRIDHARA B K . Studies on tensile and interlaminar shear strength properties of thermally cured and microwave cured glass-epoxy composites[J]. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2006, 25 (7): 783- 795.
doi: 10.1177/0731684406063542
55
TANRATTANAKUL V , JAROENDEE D . Comparison between microwave and thermal curing of glass fiber-epoxy composites:effect of microwave-heating cycle on mechanical properties[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006, 102 (2): 1059- 1070.
doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4628
56
MOOTERI P S , SRIDHARA B K , RAO S , et al. Studies on mechanical behavior of microwave and thermally cured glass fiber reinforced polymer composites[J]. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2006, 25 (5): 503- 512.
doi: 10.1177/0731684406058290
57
SGRICCIA N , HAWLEY M C . Thermal, morphological, and electrical characterization of microwave processed natural fiber composites[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2007, 67 (9): 1986- 1991.
doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.07.031
58
DAY R J , YAU S H C , HEWSON K D . Effect of microwave post-curing on micromechanics of model Kevlar-epoxy composites[J]. Plastics, Rubber and Composites Processing and Applications, 1998, 27 (5): 213- 219.
CHEN M H , YAO W W , WANG X K , et al. Study on microwave curing of epoxy resin adhesive[J]. Adhesion in China, 2005, 26 (6): 13- 15.
60
PAPARGYRIS D A , DAY R J , NESBITT A , et al. Comparison of the mechanical and physical properties of a carbon fibre epoxy composite manufactured by resin transfer moulding using conventional and microwave heating[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2008, 68 (7): 1854- 1861.
61
KWAK M, ROBINSON P, BISMARCK A, et al.Curing of composite materials using the recently developed HEPHAISTOS microwave[A].Proceedings to the 18th International Conference on Composites Materials[C].Jeju Island, Korea:International Committee on Composite Materials, 2011.
62
SUN X , MA S , LIU H . Research on properties of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite material by microwave curing[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2012, 41 (Suppl 1): 422- 424.
CHEN P , XU X H , LI Z Z , et al. Curing behavior of a carbon fiber/epoxy prepreg and curing processing of laminates with microwave radiation[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2016, 44 (4): 45- 50.
ZHU N S , MA S N , SUN X F , et al. Impacts of curing method and fiber surface treatment on chemical composition of carbon fiber and epoxy resin interface[J]. Chinese Journal of Construction Machinery, 2010, 8 (1): 111- 114.
SUN X F , MA S N , ZHU N S , et al. Microwave curing modified epoxy resin/carbon fiber composite[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2008, (Suppl 1): 190- 195.
66
NIGHTINGALE C , DAY R J . Flexural and interlaminar shear strength properties of carbon fibre-epoxy composites cured thermally and with microwave radiation[J]. Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2002, 33 (7): 1021- 1030.
doi: 10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00031-3
67
LI N , LI Y , HANG X , et al. Analysis and optimization of temperature distribution in carbon fiber reinforced composite materials during microwave curing process[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2014, 214 (3): 544- 550.
doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.10.012
68
AGRAWAL R K , DRZAL L T . Effect of microwave processing on fiber-matrix adhesion in composites[J]. Journal of Adhesion, 1989, 29 (1-4): 63- 79.
doi: 10.1080/00218468908026478
69
金钦汉, 戴树珊, 黄卡玛. 微波化学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1999.
70
OUTIFA L , JULLIEN H , DELMOTTE M . Microwave curing of large size epoxy-glass composite samples:how to make it homogeneous[J]. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, 1992, 66, 424- 425.
71
WEI J , HAWLEY M C , JOW J , et al. Microwave processing of crossply continuous graphite fiber/epoxy composites[J]. SAMPE Journal, 1991, 27 (1): 33- 39.
72
LYE S W , BOEY F Y C . PC-based monitoring and control system for microwave curing of polymer composites[J]. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 1994, 9 (5): 851- 868.
doi: 10.1080/10426919408934957
73
BOEY F Y C , GOSLING I , LYE S W . High-pressure microwave curing process for an epoxy-matrix/glass-fibre composite[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1992, 29 (1-3): 311- 319.
doi: 10.1016/0924-0136(92)90445-X
74
BOEY F Y C . Humidity and autoclave pressure effect on the interfacial shear strength of a microwave cured epoxy-glass fibre composite[J]. Polymer Testing, 1995, 14 (5): 471- 477.
doi: 10.1016/0142-9418(95)00004-C
75
SEE B V.Rocket motor case microwave cure study[A].Proceedings to the AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 21st Joint Propulsion Conference[C].Monterey, CA, USA:AIAA Paper, 1985.
76
FEHER L E , THUMM M K . Microwave innovation for industrial composite fabrication-the HEPHAISTOS technology[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2004, 32 (1): 73- 79.
doi: 10.1109/TPS.2004.823983
77
MEYER M, BINDER B, GRAEBER M.Microwave autoclave[P].USA Patent:20070108194, 2007-05-17.